2. The Early Days of Flight

3. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 OverviewOverview  Developments in lighter-than-air flight from da Vinci to the Wright brothers  Ways balloons were used during the US Civil War  Ways the balloon contributed to US victory in the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War  Developments in heavier-than-air flight from da Vinci to the Wright brothers

4. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 OverviewOverview  Developments in Aviation followed two lines:  Lighter-than-air flight (balloons and dirigibles)  Heavier-than-air flight (gliders, airplanes, and jets)  Aviators struggled with three basic problems of flight in the early days:  How to get up in the air  How to stay up in the air  How to control where they were going

5. – Team presentation evaluated against Rubric, possible 100 pts – PowerPoint, Presi, or butcher paper graphics – Presentation is to provide: Proper timeframe How individual got the idea for their invention or who they promoted it to What they built (provide illustration, graphic, or picture) Why significant to aviation (how contributes) Any battles or wars that were significant The Early Days of Flight Pages 14-25

6. Montgolfier Brothers Alberto Santos Dumont Count von Zepplin Thaddeus Lowe Lt Col George Derby Sir George Cayley John Montgomery Otto Lilienthal John Stringfellow Samuel Langley

7. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Quick Write How could the information the US Army balloonists gathered change the course of the Battle of San Juan Hill? the course of the Battle of San Juan Hill? What lesson can you draw from the What lesson can you draw from the fact that the Americans could view the fact that the Americans could view the battlefield and the Spanish could not?

8. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Developments in Lighter-Than-Air Flight From da Vinci to the Wright brothers… Taken from wikipedia.comCourtesy of the Library of Congress

9. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Principles of Balloon Flight  A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy  If the air or gas inside a balloon is lighter than the air around it, it will float  Hot air takes care of the first challenge of flight—getting up into the air Courtesy of Clipart.com.

10. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Balloon Flight  A Jesuit priest, Laurenço de Gusmão, gets credit for inventing the hot-air balloon  In 1709 he demonstrated his invention before the King of Portugal  The work of Joseph and Étienne Montgolfier led to the first balloon flight with humans aboard

11. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 The Montgolfier Brothers  The Montgolfiers’ experiments started with an observation in front of the fireplace  Joseph made a small bag out of silk and held the bag upside down  Then he lit a fire under the opening at the bottom—the bag swelled and rose to the ceiling  Today we know that they’d simply observed a principle of physics: Hotter air rises above cooler air

12. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 The Montgolfier Brothers  The Montgolfiers’ experiments attracted attention  French King Louis XVI and his Queen, Marie Antoinette, asked to see one of the balloons in action  Eventually this led to the first manned balloon flight, on 21 November 1783

13. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Balloons and Lift  Meanwhile, the young scientist J. A. C. Charles experimented with hydrogen  This gas is lighter than air  It provided much more lift than hot air  And the balloonists didn’t need to carry a fire and fuel aloft to keep the air heated  Lift  Lift is the upward force on an aircraft against gravity

14. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Hydrogen Balloons  But hydrogen could be risky because it is very flammable  Many people were killed before helium (a safer gas) came into use  Charles and a passenger made the first manned hydrogen balloon flight on 1 December 1783  Their flight lasted more than two hours and covered more than 27 miles

15. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Aerial Reconnaissance  Benjamin Franklin saw one of Charles’s balloons in 1783  He immediately wrote home, stressing the military importance of the new invention  In 1793 the French Army started using balloons for aerial reconnaissance  Aerial reconnaissance  Aerial reconnaissance is looking over battlefields from the sky

16. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 DirigiblesDirigibles  The third problem of flight—control of the craft—was still a problem  That is, until inventors came up with the dirigible dirigible  A dirigible is a steerable airship

17. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 DirigiblesDirigibles  The new dirigible airships had two things that helped pilots steer them  First, they had rudders rudder  A rudder is a movable flap or blade attached to the rear of a craft  Pilots could use the rudder to turn the craft left or right

18. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 DirigiblesDirigibles  Second, the new airships had power sources that drove propellers  Equipped with propellers, the craft could move through the air much as ships move through water Courtesy of the Library of Congress

19. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 First Dirigible  In 1852 Henri Giffard of France built a cigar-shaped dirigible  A three-horsepower steam engine pushed it through the sky at about five miles an hour  Most historians give Giffard credit for inventing the first successful dirigible

20. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Dirigible Improvements  Some inventors tried out internal keels keel  A keel is a structure that extends along the center of a craft from the front to the back  A keel helps keep the craft rigid and fully extended  A rigid craft has a frame that contains several balloons to provide lift  A non-rigid ship holds its shape through gas pressure alone

21. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Dirigible Improvements  In 1872, German engineer Paul Haenlein built a dirigible with an internal-combustion engine internal-combustion engine  An internal-combustion engine is an engine in which the fuel is burned inside, rather than in an external furnace  For example, a gas-burning car engine is an internal combustion engine

22. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Alberto Santos-Dumont  Santos-Dumont’s first dirigible was 82 feet long, with a three-horsepower gasoline motor  It could reach an altitude of 1,300 feet  A pilot steered it with a rudder  Between 1898 and 1907 Santos- Dumont built and flew 14 of these non- rigid airships

23. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Alberto Santos-Dumont  In 1901, Santos-Dumont flew an airship around the Eiffel Tower  He completed a nine-mile loop in less than half an hour  This won him a big cash prize from a rich oilman named Henri Deutsch  Santos-Dumont gave the money to his own workers and to the poor of Paris  He sparked interest in aviation worldwide Courtesy of Clipart.com

24. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Count von Zeppelin  In July 1900 Count von Zeppelin, a German inventor, built and flew the first successful rigid dirigible, the LZ-1  This led to the world’s first commercial airships  The Zeppelins were luxurious:  Roomy, wood-paneled cabins  Carried 20 or more passengers  They flew at speeds exceeding 40 miles an hour

25. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 AeronautsAeronauts  After the Civil War began, many aeronauts volunteered their services for the Union cause  Aeronauts  Aeronauts are people who travel in airships or balloons  One of these aeronauts was Thaddeus Lowe  He tried to interest Gen Winfield Scott—head of the Union Army—in balloons  But Scott saw no military need for them, and Lowe didn’t give up

26. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Thaddeus Lowe  Lowe was a friend of Joseph Henry, the head of the Smithsonian Institution  Henry convinced President Lincoln to let Lowe demonstrate what a balloon could do  This demonstration made Lincoln realize how useful balloons could be for keeping an eye on Confederate forces  Lincoln sent Gen Scott a note asking him to reconsider Lowe’s offer

27. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 The Balloon Corps  Lowe was finally allowed to organize the Balloon Corps of the Union Army  But it was a struggle:  Lowe often had to pay for staff and supplies out of his own pocket  It was sometimes hard to get permission to send the balloon aloft  Despite some success, the Army disbanded the balloon corps in 1863

28. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Balloons and the Battle of San Juan Hill  In 1892, Brig Gen Adolphus V. Greely established a balloon section in the Signal Corps  A few years later, the United States was at war with Spain  The Battle of San Juan Hill gave the Army a chance to see what a balloon could do

29. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Battle of San Juan Hill  Lt Col George M. Derby insisted on bringing the Army’s single spy balloon as close to the action as possible  From that position, observers on board could see a new trail leading to the Spanish forces  US commanders divided their Soldiers into two forces to advance against the enemy

30. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Battle of San Juan Hill  The observers also suggested directing artillery fire from El Pozo Hill against the San Juan Hill trenches  Historians say these actions may have turned the battle into a US victory Courtesy of the Library of Congress

31. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Developments in Heavier-Than-Air Flight Developments in Heavier-Than-Air Flight  Sir George Cayley picked up where Leonardo da Vinci left off in developing gliders  This Englishman’s gliders resembled today’s model gliders  They had the same design as most of today’s airplanes, with wings up front and a tail behind

32. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Cayley’s Gliders  Cayley also had the idea of using a fixed wing for lift and a separate system for propulsion  The fixed-wing idea seems simple now  But it was quite new at a time when many people still had flapping birds’ wings as their model for flight

33. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Cayley’s Gliders  Cayley identified three important aviation forces:  Lift  Drag,  Drag, which is the pull, or slowing effect, of air on an aircraft  Thrust,  Thrust, which is the forward force driving an aircraft  In 1850 Cayley built the first successful full- size manned glider

34. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 John Montgomery  American John Montgomery unveiled his glider to the public in 1905  He thrilled people by performing sharp dives and turns in the air  His glider reached speeds of 68 miles an hour  But on 31 October 1911, he was killed in a glider accident

35. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Otto Lilienthal  Otto Lilienthal of Germany is often called the “Father of Modern Aviation”  Between 1891 and 1896 he made more than 2,000 glides  He also developed a powered biplane biplane  A biplane is an aircraft with two main supporting surfaces, usually placed one above the other

36. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Otto Lilienthal  On the eve of the test flight of his biplane, he decided to fly his glider one more time  His glider stalled at 50 feet up and dropped like a rock, and Lilienthal was killed Taken from wikipedia.com

37. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Failed Attempts to Construct an Airplane  In 1843, W. S. Henson & John Stringfellow designed an aircraft theoretically capable of carrying a man  The two received a patent for their design patent  A patent is a legal document protecting the rights of an inventor

38. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 The Ariel  Their aircraft, the Ariel, was to be a monoplane monoplane  A monoplane is a single-wing airplane  It would have a 150-foot wingspan  It would be powered by a steam engine driving two six-bladed propellers

39. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Stringfellow’s Work Continued  As it turned out, the Ariel was never built  But in 1848 Stringfellow built a steam-driven model that did fly  This was the first successful powered flight of a heavier-than-air craft Courtesy of HIP/Art Resource, New York

40. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Samuel Langley  Dr. Samuel Pierpont Langley was one of the first Americans to try to build a flying machine with a motor  He started experimenting with aerodynamics in 1885  In 1898 the US government gave him a $50,000 grant to continue his work Courtesy of Hulton Archive/Getty Images, Inc

41. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Samuel Langley  On 7 October 1903 his aircraft, the Aerodrome was ready for a test flight  The plane’s engine worked well, but the aircraft caught on the launching car on takeoff and fell into the river  Two months later, Langley tried—and failed—again  Government officials withdrew their support, so Langley gave up his project

42. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Samuel Langley  Historians fault Langley for spending too much time on how to power his aircraft, and not enough on how to control it  Even so, for his contributions to aviation, Langley Air Force Base in southeastern Virginia is named after him Courtesy of Senior Master Sgt. Keith Reed/the U.S. Air Force

43. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 ReviewReview  A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy  The work of the Montgolfier brothers, Joseph and Étienne, led to the first balloon flight with humans aboard  A dirigible is a steerable airship with rudders and propellers

44. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 ReviewReview  Most historians give Henri Giffard credit for inventing the first successful dirigible  Alberto Santos-Dumont helped spark interest in aviation worldwide  Count von Zeppelin’s invention of the first successful rigid dirigible led to the world’s first commercial airships

45. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 ReviewReview  Thaddeus Lowe’s balloon demonstration made President Lincoln realize how useful balloons could be  Historians say the observations gathered from the balloon during the Battle of San Juan Hill may have turned the battle into a US victory  Sir George Cayley picked up where Leonardo da Vinci left off in developing gliders

46. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 ReviewReview  Otto Lilienthal of Germany is often called the “Father of Modern Aviation”  Despite his failures, Samuel Langley made important contributions to aviation  Langley Air Force Base in southeastern Virginia is named after him

47. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 SummarySummary  Developments in lighter-than-air flight from da Vinci to the Wright brothers  Ways balloons were used during the US Civil War  Ways the balloon contributed to US victory in the Battle of San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War  Developments in heavier-than-air flight from da Vinci to the Wright Brothers

48. Chapter 1, Lesson 2 Next….Next….  Done—the early days of flight  Next—the Wright brothers Courtesy of NASA