1. PRONUNCIATION REVIEW Chapter 4

2. Word Endings and Syllables How many syllables are in these words? Act Active Actively Activity

3. Questions What are some examples of how and why we use –s endings in English? How are –s endings formed?

4. -S Endings * Remember: Sometimes the –s ending creates another syllable, and sometimes it doesn’t.

5. Rule 4-1 1.) If the word ends in a voiceless sound, add the voiceless /s/ Examples: fits, works, marks, jumps, cracks, assignments

6. Rule 4-1 2.) If the word ends in a voiced sound, add the voiced /z/. Examples: pays, reads, Laura’s, boys, shows, goes

7. Rule 4-1 3.) If the word ends in a “hissing” or “buzzing” sound, add the syllable /ez/ or /iz/. Examples: offices, branches, Goerge’s, successes, lunches * NOTE: This word ending adds a syllable to the word.

8. Practice 4-1 Say these words. What –s ending to they take? 1. Source/sources 2. Role/roles 3. Stop/stops 4. Class/classes 5. Lock/locks 6. College/colleges 7. Copy/copies 8. Stop/stops 9. Dance/dances 10. Analyze/analyzes

9. Practice 4-1 Say these words. What –s ending to they take? 1. Source/sources- /ez/ 2. Role/roles /z/ 3. Stop/stops /s/ 4. Class/classes /ez/ 5. Lock/locks /s/ 6. College/colleges /ez/ 7. Copy/copies /z/ 8. Stop/stops /s/ 9. Dance/dances /ez/ 10. Analyze/analyzes /ez/

10. Rule 4-2 1. In verbs with voiceless sounds, the –ed sounds like the voiceless /t/. 2. Examples: watched, checked, finished,hoped, walked

11. Rule 4-2 1. In verbs with voiced sounds, the –ed sounds like the voiceled /d/. 2. Examples: caused, saved, realized, learned,

12. Rule 4-2 1. In verbs that end in /t/ or /d/ the –ed sounds like the syllable /ed/. 2. Examples: waited, added, counted

13. Practice 4-2 1. Guessed 2. Laughed 3. Caused 4. Finished 5. Explained 6. Assumed 7. Decided 8. Saved 9. Added 10. Checked

14. Practice 4-2 1. Guessed – t 2. Laughed-t 3. Caused-d 4. Finished-t 5. Started-ed 6. Assumed-d 7. Decided -ed 8. Saved-d 9. Added -ed 10. Checked -t

15. Communicative Practice 4-2 Directions: 1. Think of a story about something that happened to you in the past. It could be a happy event, such as winning a contest, or something scary, like a car accident, or natural disaster, or something exciting like getting married.

16. Communicative Practice 4-2 Directions: 1. Write down a few verbs that you will used in your story, and notice what type of endings should be pronounced. 2. Write down a few –s ending words (plural or possessive) that you will use in your story. Notice the pronounciation rule for each –s ending.

17. Communicative Practice 4-2 Directions: 1. Tell your story to a partner. Your partner should write down the -s ending words and –ed ending words he or she hears.

18. CHAPTER 7 REVIEW Rhythm

19. Rule 7-1 Stress important content words Examples: Names, long quiet, school, books, weekend, the beach, negatives, wh-words, interjections. *Note: Remember, sometimes only one part of the word is stressed, not the whole word. Example CAREful, REALly

20. Rule 7-2 Reduce or weaken function words. Examples: articles, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs. NOTE: Functions words make the grammar correct, but they are not necessary for spoken meaning. However, there is no difference in the stress in writing.

21. Practice Decided which words in the sentences are stressed. Then say the sentences to a partner. 1. I can completely understand. 2. He wants to leave on time. 3. He said he’d finish as soon as possible. 4. We’ll see you on Monday or Tuesday. 5. Her background is in Mathematics. 6. Most of the students are from India or China. 7. Is it possible to change my reservation? 8. The total cost is $300 (three hundred dollars).

22. Practice Decided which words in the sentences are stressed. Then say the sentences to a partner. 1. I can completely understand. 2. He wants to leave on time. 3. He said he’d finish as soon as possible. 4. We’ll see you on Monday or Tuesday. 5. Her background is in Mathematics. 6. Most of the students are from India or China. 7. Is it possible to change my reservation? 8. The total cost is $300 (three hundred dollars).

23. Communicative Practice: News Report Directions: 1. Write a short news report about something that you heard or read in the news recently. If you have not read or heard anything in the news, then you can make something up.

24. News Report Directions: 1. Mark the stressed words 2. Read your news report to a partner. Did they hear any function words stressed?

25. Other Review Tips Practice reading the passages from each chapter out loud at home. Record yourself on your computer or Vocaroo and listen to yourself. Study the phonemes related to the consonant sounds that we studied.