1. Chapter 2: The Origins of Modern Terrorism

2. Modern Democracies and the Birth of Terrorism in the West

3. Modern Democracies and the Birth of Terrorism in the West
First use of term terrorism
The French Revolution
Middle class wrestled power from nobility
Extremely bloody power struggle
Edmond Burke, British political philosopher, called the revolution “The Reign of Terror”
Terrorism = slaughter of French nobles, families, and sympathizers

4. Modern Democracies and the Birth of Terrorism in the West
Radical European democrats of the early 1800’s wanted to eliminate power of upper classes
Worked for redistribution of wealth (known as socialists)
Believed political power should be held common, wealth belonged to everyone, and all institutions should be democratic
Upper/middle classes often equated terrorism and socialism

5. Terrorism and the Anarchists

6. Terrorism and the Anarchists
How the terms Socialism and Anarchy became related
By the 1850’s, radical democrats divided into two factions: militant socialists and more peaceful socialists. Both groups referred to their movements as anarchism.
Term anarchy originated by Greek philosophers who spoke of eliminating governments

7. Terrorism and the Anarchists
Proudhon vs. Marx
Proudhon:
Called for extension of democracy to all classes through elimination of property and government
Believed all government was evil
Believed in non-violent anarchy
Marx:
Saw centralized government as necessary evil
Government needed to protect individual rights of citizens

8. Terrorism and the Anarchists
Major leaders of Anarchist movement
Mikhail Bakunin: Russian revolutionary who fought against the tsar; joined by Sergey Nechaev
Nikolai Morozov: Primary spokesperson for People’s Will
Karl Heinzen: Radical German democratic who advocated political murder
Johann Most: Believed that violent action was best form of propaganda; advocated “philosophy of the bomb”

9. Terrorism and the Russian Revolution

10. Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
Late nineteenth-century Russia
Peasants extremely poor
Russia’s economic and governmental systems were insufficient to handle changes brought by industry
When Tsar Alexander attempted changes in the system, revolutionary terrorism was the result

11. Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
The People’s Will
Motivated by anarchist revolutionary theory of Bakunin and Nechaev
Launched in 1870’s, sought to terrorize government, Orthodox church, police, and military into submission
Campaign of bombing and murder resulted in killing of Tsar Alexander II in May 1881
Alexander III launched period of national repression; leaders of People’s Will killed or arrested; remaining members went underground
People’s Will resurfaced in 1905 revolution but failed to topple Tsar Nicholas II.

12. Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
1905 revolution of lower classes
Russia plagued by economic problems and bureaucratic inefficiency after losing war to Japan
Demonstrations by unemployed workers and mutiny by men enlisted in Russian Navy
Actions brutally repressed but spirit of revolution simmered

13. Terrorism and the Russian Revolution
The Revolution of 1917
Russians tired of tsar and economic woes; a strike in St. Petersburg became first of two revolutions in 1917
Russian Army joined workers in revolution and new government was formed; these revolutionaries called Mensheviks
Russians promised allies to remain in war
Created unrest at home
Inspired Germans to attempt to remove Russia from WW I
Germans found help from Lenin
Lenin gained control of Bolsheviks (Communist revolutionaries who opposed Mensheviks)
Orchestrated second revolution in October 1917, which removed Russia from WW I
October revolutionaries used terrorist violence to gain power and repressive terrorism to maintain power

14. Nationalistic Revolutionaries

15. Nationalistic Revolutionaries
1800s witnessed growth of anarchism and nationalism
Goals of nationalist organizations:
Use terrorism to wrestle control of government from other nationalities or ethnic groups
Nationalists fought to govern, as opposed to anarchists who fought to impose ideology on government

16. Nationalistic Revolutionaries
Comparison of nationalistic terrorism and anarchism
Both have similar stages of development: learn terrorist tactics and then use them
Both groups use similar justifications for violence, claiming moral necessity for their group to govern society

17. Nationalistic Revolutionaries
Bell links anarchy and nationalistic traditions using IRA (Irish Republican Army) as example
Since 1916, IRA inundated with socialist revolutionaries and nationalists who reject some aspects of socialism
Bell believes Ireland is best example of nationalistic terrorism and anarchism as framework of modern European terrorism

18. Nationalistic Revolutionaries
Clutterbuck vs. Bell
Clutterbuck argues that link between anarchy and nationalistic terror is not so clear
Believes nationalistic terrorism in Ireland extremely important because its innovations ushered in practice of modern terrorism
Terrorism did not develop as logical step from anarchist violence to modern terrorist practice
Ireland set the stage for modern international terrorist operations

19. Irish History and the Growth of Modern Terrorism

20. Irish History and the Growth of Modern Terrorism
Why was Ireland ripe for terrorism when IRA was created?
Centuries of religious strife since A.D. 800
History of violence through every generation
After American Civil War, Irish soldiers who fought for the North joined with other Irish people to create republic of Ireland free from British control. In 1916, this Irish Republican Army tried to take control of Dublin but were defeated by the British

21. Irish History and the Growth of Modern Terrorism
Modern terrorism came to Ireland in 1919
Michael Collins took command of IRA and waged fierce campaign against British
Collins studied tactics of Russian revolutionaries, and his followers used bombs, murder, ambushes, and other terrorist tactics to fight Protestant police force and British army. Ireland gained independence in 1921 but British held the north of Ireland
Collins was killed in 1922 by former revolutionaries opposing peace with the British. After his death, IRA outlawed by Republic of Ireland.

22. Irish History and the Growth of Modern Terrorism
Role of British army in rebirth of IRA
As violence grew in Northern Ireland after failed Catholic civil rights movement, British sent army to stop rioting
Young soldiers sided with loyalists against Republicans and brutally repressed Catholics

23. Irish History and the Growth of Modern Terrorism
IRA Tactics
From , bombing was primary tactic
Murder
Kidnapping
Killing adversaries at established roadblocks
Assassination of government officials, enemy terrorists, Catholics advocating compromise, police officers, and soldiers

24. The Influence of Past Experience

25. The Influence of Past Experience
Dyson’s conclusions about terrorist behavior
Unlike criminals, terrorists study the history of past campaigns and the theory that motivated them
Counterterrorism starts with understanding the roots of terrorism

26. The Influence of Past Experience
Issues shaping modern terrorism:
The ideology of modern terrorism emerged from 19th century revolutionary thought
Such thought spawned revolutions in Russia, and influenced Michael Collins to apply the same tactics to Ireland’s nationalistic revolution
Terrorists in the 20th century studied Michael Collins and improvised from IRA tactics

27. The Influence of Past Experience
Current terrorist networks:
Today, terrorism is dominated by religion, ideologies serving as surrogate religions, and racial/ethnic divisions
Roots of self-proclaimed ‘religious terrorists’ are in traditions of Lenin and Collins