2. Ch. 13 S. 3 – A Global Conflict A. War Affects the World
The Gallipoli Campaign: Allied attempt to seize
Dardanelles strait from the Turks to supply Russia
through the Black Sea
- Conducted mainly by Australia & New Zealand
under British command
- Allies lost- 250,000 casualties in 10 months

3. The War in Asia and Africa
- Allies attacked German colonies in China and Africa
- Allies recruited native populations from their own colonies to help in the war –
some served as battlefield soldiers, others as laborers
Tirailleurs Senegalais in World War I France

4. Indian Gun Crew

5. America Joins the Fight
- US had no clear favorite – immigrants from all warring nations lived here
- After Belgian atrocities, US began arming the allies – Germany reacted by:
1. Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germans declared that they would sink
all ships travelling to or from Great Britain

6. - Sinking of the Lusitania
– The British passenger ship was sunk in 1915, over 1100 dead, including 128 from US
- Americans were outraged, even though it was carrying weapons, too
- Many other American ships were sunk attempting to arm GB
- Zimmerman Telegram
- Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman
Sent a coded message to Mexico encouraging
Them to declare war on the US
- In return, Mexico was promised that they would
get all land lost to US during Mex/Am. war
- The letter is the last straw – President Wilson
asked congress to declare war

8. B. War on the Home Front
Total War – countries devoted all of their resources to the war
- Governments took control of businesses, converted them to the war effort
- All able-bodied civilians were put to work
- Essential goods –including food – were rationed – or limited
- Govt’s suppressed anti-war activities w/ force
- Propaganda – one-sided info designed to persuade – was used to keep up
morale & support for the war
- Women in the War – Women provided the labor force to arm & equip the
men at the battle front

12. C. The Allies Win the War Russia withdraws:
- Civil unrest due to war-induced shortages of food & goods
- Czar Nicholas stepped down due to protests
- A new Provisional Gov’t took over, tried to continue the war effort
- 5.5 million casualties for Russian soldiers
- Soldiers went on strike & refused to fight
- The Communists overthrew the provisional government, took charge, signed a
peace treaty w/ Germany to end their involvement
- Germany was now free to throw all forces at the Western Front

13. Central Powers Collapse:
- 2nd Battle of the Marne- Germans push back to the Marne, exhaust forces, are
crushed by an allied tank assault
- 2 million American troops arrived in Europe
- Bulgarians & Turks surrendered
- Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down as Allies advanced on Germany
- Officials of the new German republic signed an armistice or ceasefire on 11/11/18

14. D. The Legacy of War - Introduced the idea of global conflict
- Total War – everyone was a contributor and a target
- Destroyed the economies of European countries
- Millions dead, millions wounded, millions traumatized
- Disillusioned survivors – insecurity & despair replaced faith in civilization
- Peace settlement caused bitterness & resentment among defeated nations