1. Maintaining Water Balance The Kidneys

2. Homeostasis Regulation of a stable internal environment no matter where we are or what we do… We put our bodies through A LOT on a daily basis – Adding food, liquid, chemicals – Changing temperature & activity levels BUT…. Our bodies roll with it! How (examples)???

3. Excretory System Star QB of maintaining homeostasis in our bodies – Responsible for maintaining the right amount of water and dissolved substances in your body (osmoregulation) Includes: – Kidneys – Bladder – Ureter – Urethra

4. Osmoregulation How our bodies get rid of the “stuff” we don’t need such as… – Byproducts of metabolized food Makes sure we don’t get dehydrated Your body’s GREATEST balancing act

5. The Excretory System Not all animals excrete waste in the same way… Main byproduct of metabolizing food (mainly protein) is ammonia (NH 3 )  TOXIC – Converted into either urea or uric acid depending on the amount of water available to the animal

6. Urea: Compound made from combining ammonia with carbon dioxide (in the liver) Low toxicity: can hang out in circulatory system for a while with no ill effects BUT…. You have to have extra water around to dissolve it and get rid of it (you pee)

7. Uric Acid: Have to be light enough to fly and don’t have a lot of spare water Excreted as paste (not a lot of water is needed) Have you ever seen bird poop? ** The white part of it is actually the uric acid

8. How do humans excrete urea? Starts with the kidney – Maintains levels of water and dissolved materials – Controls blood pressure Very Inefficient Process – Filter the water and dissolved material out of blood 99% is reabsorbed back 1% is sent on to make urine Avg day: kidneys filter out 180L of fluid from your blood, BUT only 1.5L gets peed out

9. How do your kidney’s do this? Use nephrons – Fun Fact: If you were to unravel all of your nephrons, they would stretch ~180 km Must follow blood flow to understand how they work… – Heart – Kidney (enters via renal arteries) – Glomerulus – Bowman’s Capsule – Proximal Convoluted Tubule – Loop of Henle – Distal Tubule – Collecting Duct

10. Glomerulus & Bowmans Capsule Start point for single nephron Pressure is high enough that 20% of the fluid is squeezed out and enters the Bowmans Capsule – Cup like sac (fluid is no longer blood, but filtrate: water, urea, small ions)

11. Promimal Convoluted Tubule Site of osmoregulation – Reabsorb water and other materials to create whatever balance your body needs – Mainly reabsorbs organic solutes (ie: glucose); recaptures Na, K and water

12. Loop of Henle Site where most of the reabsorption happens – Extracts most of the water that we need – Pumps salts – Creates a concentration gradient to cause more water to be extracted ***By the time the filtrate gets to the bottom of the loop it is HIGHLY concentrated

13. Distal Tubule Regulates Na, K, Ca levels – Controlled by pumps and hormones that control the reabsorption process By the time its done, we have taken everything we want OUT of the filtrate – Filtrate is now mainly excess water, urea and excess waste

14. Collecting Duct  reabsorbed  H 2 O  excretion  urea passed through to bladder

15. Descending limb Ascending limb