1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ninth edition TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonspecific Defenses of the Host  Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease.  Immunity: Ability to ward off disease.  Innate immunity: Defenses against any pathogen.  Adaptive immunity: Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Host Defenses Figure 16.1

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Factors  Skin  Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with  Keratin, a protective protein

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical Factors  Mucous membranes  Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs.  Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye.  Saliva: Washes microbes off.  Urine: Flows out.  Vaginal secretions: Flow out. Figure 16.4a

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.3 Lacrimal Apparatus

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Factors  Sebum – contains fatty acids  Prevents drying of hair and skin  Inhibits the growth of some bacteria and fungi  Low pH (3-5) of skin.  Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids.  Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice.

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Normal Microbiota  Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal microbiota compete with pathogens.

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composition of Blood

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements in Blood Table 16.1 (1 of 2)

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 16.1 (2 of 2) Formed Elements in Blood

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neutrophils60-70% Basophils0.5-1% Eosinophils2-4% Monocytes3-8% Lymphocytes20-25% Differential White Cell Count  Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells.

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings White Blood Cells  Neutrophils: Phagocytic  Basophils: Produce histamine  Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis  Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response  Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages  Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi  Wandering macrophages roam tissues.  Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity. PLAY Animation: Host Defenses

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phagocytosis  Phago: from Greek, meaning eat  Cyte: from Greek, meaning cell  Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes. Figure 16.6

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.6

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phagocytosis Figure 16.7

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.5 - Overview Lymphatic System

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inhibit adherence: M protein, capsules Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae Kill phagocytes: LeukocidinsStaphylococcus aureus Lyse phagocytes: Membrane attack complex Listeria monocytogenes Escape phagosomeShigella Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion HIV Survive in phagolysosomeCoxiella burnetti Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis PLAY Animation: Phagocytosis

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammation  Redness  Pain  Heat  Swelling (edema)  Acute-phase proteins activated  Vasodilation (histamine, kinins)  Margination and emigration of WBCs  Tissue repair

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8a Inflammation

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8b, steps 1–3

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8c, steps 4–6

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.8d

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fever: Abnormally High Body Temperature  Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C.  Gram-negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin–1 (IL–1).  reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature.  Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which raise temperature.

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fever  Advantages  Increase interferons  Increase IL–1 activity  Disadvantages  Tachycardia  Acidosis  Dehydration

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Complement System  Serum proteins activated in a cascade.  Result in:  Cytolysis  Phagocytosis Figure 16.9 PLAY Animation: The Complement System

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interferons (IFNs) Figure 16.15

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15, step 1

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15, step 2

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15, step 3

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15, step 4

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15, step 5

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.15, step 6