2. Transport Absorption and circulation of materials

3. Aim: How do materials enter and exit the cell? Transport: – Absorption and circulation of materials. – Nutrients enter cells through diffusion – Structure of the Cell Membrane: – “Phospholipid Bi-layer” – Made of proteins and lipids

4. Fluid Mosaic Model: Cell Membrane: – Semi/selectively permeable – Small molecules diffuse through membrane – Regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell based on size

5. Fluid Mosaic Model

6. Methods of Transport Passive Transport a.k.a Diffusion: – No energy needed – Movement from High to Low concentration until equilibrium

7. Diffusion – Movement of materials from high  low concentration. – Continues until equilibrium is reached

8. Diffusion of liquids

9. Small Molecules that diffuse through cell membranes Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Nutrients (simple sugars, amino acids)

10. Osmosis Diffusion of H2O High  low concentration

11. Active Transport (Needs ATP) Energy is needed to move materials Low  high concentration Against concentration gradient No equilibrium reached

12. Active Transport Phagocytosis – Cell engulfs undissolved molecules Pinocytosis – Cell membrane pinches in and absorbs dissolved molecules.

13. Phagocytosis: Ameba engulfing food

14. Transport of Water in Cells 1. Place a cell in salt water - water moves out of the cell – cell shrinks - less water outside the cell – water moves out

16. Salt Shrinks!

17. 2. Place cell in distilled (pure) water -water moves into the cell `-cell swells (could burst) -less water in the cell - water moves in

18. What would occur if a solution of salt H2O or distilled (pure) water was added to a cell? Adding a salt solution: –S–Since the concentration of H2O is higher inside the cell, the water flows outward to the area of low concentration. The water rushes out, the cell shrinks. Adding distilled (pure) water –S–Since the concentration of H2O is higher outside of the cell, the water flows inward to the area of low concentration. The water rushes in, the cell could eventually burst.

19. What happens to cells when placed in different solutions?

20. Animal Cells shrivel like slugs in a salt solution because water leaves the cell!

21. Plant Cells also change when placed in solutions!

22. Transport in Lower Organisms -ex. Ameba, paramecium 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Cyclosis 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

23. Transport in Plants vascular tissue: (veins) -xylem – transports water upwards - phloem – transports food in both directions

25. Roots: – Located under the ground. Provide support, anchorage, and absorb water. Root hairs: – Increase surface area for water absorption. Capillary Action: – Pulls H 2 O up in the xylem tubes. – This is because of adhesion and cohesion. – Adhesion- attraction between different molecules. – Cohesion- Attraction between like molecules. – H2O holds on to another H2O molecule.

26. Adhesion Cohesion

46. Chapter 12- Human Transport Blood Liquid tissue Transport medium Contains: – Plasma – Red Blood cells (RBC) – White Blood cells (WBC) – Platelets

47. Plasma Liquid portion of the blood, mostly water. Contains nutrients, wastes, proteins – Proteins  enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.

48. Red Blood Cells (RBC- Erythrocytes) Most numerous blood cell Lack a nucleus when mature Disc-shaped Carries oxygen (O2) & carbon dioxide(CO2) Contains hemoglobin-pigment that allows RBC to carry O2 & CO2. Live for 120 days-broken down in the liver and spleen. Produced in the bone marrow.

49. Red Blood Cells

50. White Blood Cells (WBC- Leukocytes) Least numerous blood cell Contains a nucleus Large, round cell Protects against infection Phagocytes –E–Engulf and destroy bacteria (phagocytosis) Lymphocytes –P–Produce antibodies which attack foreign materials called antigens.

51. White Blood Cells

52. Platelets 2nd most numerous blood cell Small Clot the blood-contain fibrin (protein)

53. The Human Circulatory System closed system single heart network of blood vessels

54. Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Thick wall Elastic Smallest arteries: arterioles

55. Veins Carry blood to the heart Thin wall Not elastic Valves – Prevent back-flow of blood Smallest veins: venules

56. Capillary Connects small arteries and small veins One cell thick- thinnest vessel Where diffusion occurs: nutrients, wastes, O2.

57. The Heart: 4 chambered muscular organ. Divided into two halves by the septum. Each half has 2 chambers atrium “ upstairs”  connected by a valve ventricle “downstairs” Atrium receives blood Ventricles pump blood  left ventricle is the thickest because it pumps blood to the whole body! Heart is surrounded by the pericardium

58. Human Heart

60. Chambers Of The Heart RL Right AtriumLeft Atrium Right VentricleLeft Ventricle

61. Flow of Blood Through The Heart 1. Superior & Inferior vena cava) – deoxygenated blood

62. 2. Right Atrium(tricuspid valve)  Right ventricle 3. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

63. 4. Pulmonary Artery – Blood travels to lungs (Only Artery with deoxygenated blood) 5. Pulmonary Vein- Blood travels from lungs (Only Vein with oxygenated blood)

64. 6. Left Atrium 7. Left Ventricle- Thickest most muscular chamber-pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to body! 8. Aorta – Largest Artery

65. RecipientDonor (person who needs blood)(person who gives blood) AA,O BB,O AB (universal recipient)A,B,AB,O OO (universal donor)

66. Blood Typing Antigen- causes antibody reaction Antigens are proteins on surface of cells (including blood cells types) Antibodies in plasma (anti-A or anti-B).

67. Blood TypeAntigensAntibodies AAAnti-B BBAnti-A ABA,BNone O Anti-A, Anti-B

68. Statistics

69. Blood Pressure Pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries during pumping. Systole- Ventricles contract Diastole- ventricles relax AVG. 120/80

70. Malfunctions of the Transport System Cardiovascular Disease: - diseases involving the heart Heart Attack 1. Coronary Thrombosis - blockage of an artery 2. Angina Pectoris - narrowing of an artery

71. Angina PectorisCoronary Thrombosis

72. Blood Conditions 1. Anemia - too few red blood cells - lack of iron in blood - difficulty transporting oxygen

73. 2. Leukemia - disease of bone marrow - too many abnormal white blood cells - cancer

74. Immunity Resistance to a specific disease. Pathogen- Bacteria, Virus Antigen- structure on surface of pathogen. Antibodies (specific proteins)- released by the body to lock on and destroy the antigens. Antigens and Antibodies are specific.

75. 2 types of immunity 1.Active Immunity: – Long-term Ways of obtaining: – Produce antibodies in response to having a disease/ sickness – Getting a vaccine

76. Vaccination Vaccine Weakened or dead form of virus/ pathogen. To make a vaccine- – Obtain pathogen – Weaken or kill pathogen (virus or bacteria) – Inject into organism – Organism makes antibodies – antibodies make organism immune against pathogen

77. 2.Passive Immunity – Short-term immunity Ways of obtaining: – Mother  baby during breast-feeding – Antibodies from an outside source: gamma globulins.

78. Allergies: Extreme sensitivity to antigens Antigens: pollen, dust, animal hair, etc. Body produces antibodies against the antigen. – Antigen  antibody  body produces histamines – Histamines  causes allergic response(tearing, rash, sneezing). To stop this reaction, you take anti-histamines

79. Antibodies are specific to antigens