1. AP Biology Saturday Session 3
Evolution as a Process
Session 2 - Macroevolution

2. Clue: biological species concept = offspring
Question 1 B
Clue: biological species concept = offspring
Please convey to students that there are many ways to define a species. The Biological Species concept defines species as being so genetically similar that viable, reproductively capable offspring can be produced.

3. Species Male and Female Blue Footed Boobies
To help with explaining Biological species concept.

4. C Clue: April and May Question 2
Please go over the various Pre-Zygotic barriers that may exist to help keep species reproductively isolated using the next slide. Please help students “see” a possible definition within a term.

5. Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers
Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur
Habitat
isolation
Temporal
isolation
Behavioral
isolation
Mechanical
isolation
Gametic
isolation
Individuals of
different
species
Mating
attempt
Fertilization
HABITAT ISOLATION
TEMPORAL ISOLATION
BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION
MECHANICAL ISOLATION
GAMETIC ISOLATION
Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote from
developing into a viable, fertile adult
Reduced
hybrid
viability
Reduced
hybrid
fertility
Hybrid
breakdown
Viable,
fertile
offspring
Fertilization
REDUCED HYBRID
VIABILITY
REDUCED HYBRID
FERTILITY
HYBRID BREAKDOWN

6. Question 3 A
Clue: mules

7. Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers
Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur
Habitat
isolation
Temporal
isolation
Behavioral
isolation
Mechanical
isolation
Gametic
isolation
Individuals of
different
species
Mating
attempt
Fertilization
HABITAT ISOLATION
TEMPORAL ISOLATION
BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION
MECHANICAL ISOLATION
GAMETIC ISOLATION
Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote from
developing into a viable, fertile adult
Reduced
hybrid
viability
Reduced
hybrid
fertility
Hybrid
breakdown
Please go over the various post-zygotic barriers. Please help students “see” a possible definition within the term.
Viable,
fertile
offspring
Fertilization
REDUCED HYBRID
VIABILITY
REDUCED HYBRID
FERTILITY
HYBRID BREAKDOWN

8. D Clue: designate Question 4
Please help students understand that this is a “working” term that fits the given situation. Also help students remember that there are several ways to define a species.

9. Ecological Species concept
Tertiary
consumers
Microorganisms
and other
detritivores
Secondary
consumers
Primary consumers
Detritus
Primary producers
Please quickly go over these terms.
Heat
Key
Chemical cycling
Sun
Energy flow

10. Phylogenetic Species concept
Percent of Amino Acids That Are
Identical to the Amino Acids in a
Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide
Species
Human
100%
Rhesus monkey
95%
Mouse
87%
Chicken
69%
Quickly go over the Phylogentic focusing on sequence similiarity vs. sequence difference.
Frog
54%
Lamprey
14%

11. Question 5 D

12. Punctuated equilibrium model.
Please help students understand the three true statements of punctuated equilibrium using this slide. We will focus on this again in session three dealing with geologic time and the mass extinctions.
Time
Gradualism model
Punctuated equilibrium model

13. Clue: Radiation = spread out
Question 6 B
Clue: Radiation = spread out
Please help students “see” possible definitions within terms. Also please help students understand the difference between Sympatric (“sym” means “same/within”) and allopatric (“allo” means “different/separate”)

14. Galapagos Islands
Show the students the location of the Galapagos and then indicate roughly where Hawaii would be.

15. Galapagos Islands close up
Please help students understand adaptive radiation by talking about migration from one island to another and adapting to the conditions of that island over time.

16. Darwin’s Galapagos Island finches
Please focus on the size and shape of the beak as it relates to a possible food source.

17. Math Grid In Solution The correct answer is 839.7 fire ants/month
N = K/15 = 15000/15 =  
Rmax = 0.9  
K = 15000
dN/dt = rmax N (K-N) K
dN/dt = (0.9)(1000)( /15000) = (0.9) (1000) (0.933) = fire ants/month

18. Short Free Response 1 4 points possible
Discussion of allopatric speciation being the evolution of species by the reproductive isolation associated with some geologic barrier (1 pt.) Discussion on example – ring species, adaptive radiation on islands, etc. (1 pt.) Discussion of sympatric being the evolution of one species from an existing within the same area. (1 pt.) Discussion of one species evolving as a result of competition or another driving force causing change such as allopolyploidy or autopolyploidy. (1 pt.)
Please help students understand each term. Also please go over the terms Allopolyploidy (cross fertilization among plants resulting in abnormal chromosomal number because of non-disjunction during meiosis in either the sperm or egg) and Autopolyploidy (self-fertilization resulting in abnormal chromosomal number because of non-disjunction during meiosis in either the sperm or egg.

19. Modes of Speciation
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation

20. Failure of cell division in a cell of a growing
Autopolyploidy
Failure of cell division
in a cell of a growing
diploid plant after chromosome duplication gives rise to a tetraploid branch or other tissue.
Offspring with tetraploid karyo-
types may be viable and fertile—a new biological species.
Gametes produced by flowers on this tetraploid branch are diploid. 2n
2n = 6
4n = 12 4n

21. Allopolyploidy Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Unreduced gamete
Hybrid with
7 chromosomes
Viable fertile hybrid
(allopolyploid)
Meiotic error;
chromosome
number not
reduced from
2n to n
Species A
2n = 4
2n = 10
Normal gamete
n = 3
Normal gamete
n = 3
Species B
2n = 6

22. Short Free Response 2 4 points possible
Discussion of first and second experiment – reproduction by cross-fertilization, DNA sequencing, karyotyping (1 pt. each)
Discussion of outcome support – living viable, reproductive offspring, DNA sequences being identical, possessing the same number of chromosomes. (1 pt. each)