1. Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism (Renal Block) Biochemistry of: Phenylketonuria (PKU) Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) Albinism Homocyteinuria Alkaptonuria abbreviations: Phe-Phenylalanine Tyr-Tyrosine Trp- Tryptophan Leu- Leucine Ile- Isoleucine Val- Valine Met- Methionine

2.  Caused by enzyme loss or deficiency due to gene loss or gene mutation Enzyme + SubstrateProduct Cofactors Excess Deficient

3.  Most common disease of aminoacid metabolism  Due to deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme  Results in hyperphenylalaninemia

4. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The pathway of phenylalanine degradation Page 1009 Phenylalanine hydroxylase Phenylalanine accumulated

5.  Conversion of Phe to Tyr requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 )  Even if phenylalanine hydroxylase level is normal  The enzyme will not function without BH 4  Hence Phe is accumulated

6. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Formation, utilization, and regeneration of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) in the phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction Page 1010 GTP Dihydrobiopterin synthetase

7. Classic PKU:  Due to deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase Atypical hyperphenylalaninemia:  Due to deficiency of BH 4  Caused by the deficiency of:  Dihydropteridine reductase  Dihydrobiopterin synthetase  Carbinolamine dehydratase

8.  In the absence of BH 4, Phe will not be converted to Tyr

9. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Page 1010 BH 2 Phe accumulated

10. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Melanin biosynthesis from tyrosine Page 1002 No or less tyrosine Melanin No or less melanin Light skin in PKU patients

11.  Tyr will not be converted to catecholamines and Trp will not be converted to serotonin as they require BH 4  Catecholamines and serotonin are neurotransmitters

12.  CNS symptoms: Mental retardation, failure to walk or talk, seizures, etc.  Hypopigmentation  Deficiency of melanin  Hydroxylation of tyrosine by tyrosinase is inhibited by high phe conc.

13.  Elevated phenylalanine in tissues, plasma, urine  Phe is degraded to phenyllactate, phenylacetate, and phenylpyruvate  Gives urine a mousy odor

14. Cause of mousy urine smell in PKU

15.  Prenatal diagnosis is done by detecting gene mutation in fetus  Neonatal diagnosis in infants is done by measuring blood phe levels  Treatment:  Life long phe-restricted diet

16.  Due to deficiency of branched chain  - ketoacid dehydrogenase  The enzyme decarboxylates leucine, isoleucine and valine  These aminoacids accumulate in blood  Symptoms: mental retardation, physical disability, metabolic acidosis, etc.  Maple syrup odor of urine

17.  Types:  Classic type: Most common, due to little or no activity of  -ketoacid dehydrogenase  Intermediate and intermittent forms: Some enzyme activity, symptoms are milder  Thiamin-responsive form: High doses of thiamin increases  -ketoacid dehydrogenase activity

18. Degradation of branched-chain amino acids: valine, isoleucine and leucine. Deficiency of branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase leads to MSUD. Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine and their keto acids accumulated

19. Treatment:  Limited intake of leucine, isoleucine and valine

20.  A disease of tyrosine metabolism  Tyrosine is involved in melanin production  Melanin is a pigment of hair, skin, eyes  Due to tyrosinase deficiency  Melanin is absent in albino patients  Hair and skin appear white  Vision defects, photophobia

21. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Melanin biosynthesis from tyrosine: Deficiency of tyrosinase leads to albinisim Page 1002 Tyrosinase Melanin

22.  Due to defects in homocysteine metabolism  Deficiency of cystathionine  -synthase  Converts homocysteine to cystathione  High plasma and urine levels of homocysteine  High plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease  Skeletal abnormalities, osteoporosis, mental retardation, displacement of eye lens

23. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Methionine degradation pathway: Deficiency of cystathione  - synthase leads to homocystinuria / homocysteinemia Page 1002 Cystathione  -synthase Methionine and its metabolites are accumulated Cysteine becomes deficient

24. Treatment:  Oral administration of vitamins B 6, B 12 and folate  Vitamin B 6 is a cofactor for cystathionine  -synthase  Methionine-restricted diet

25. Hyperhomocysteinemia is also associated with:  Neural tube defect (spina bifida)  Vascular disease (atherosclerosis)  Heart disease

26. Voet Biochemistry 3e © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Methionine degradation pathway: Deficiency of cystathione  - synthase leads to hyperhomocystinuria / hyperhomocysteinemia Page 1002 Cystathione  -synthase Hyperhomocysteinemia Deficiency of: Tetrahydrofolate Methionine synthase Vitamin B 6, B 12 Folic acid Neural tube defect +

27.  A rare disease of tyrosine degradation  Due to deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase  Homogentisic acid is accumulated in tissue and cartilage  Homogentisic aciduria: elevated homogentisic acid in urine

28.  Homogentisic acid is oxidized to dark pigment in urine over time  Arthritis, black pigmentation of cartilage and tissue  Usually asymptomatic until adulthood  Restricted intake of tyrosine and phenylalanine reduces homogentisic acid and dark pigmentation

29. Degradation of tyrosine Deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase leads to alkaptonuria Homogentisate oxidase

30. DiseaseEnzymeAminoacids involved 1PhenylketonuriaPhenylalanine hydroxylasePhenylalanine 2Maple syrup urine disease Branched chain α -ketoacid dehydrogenase Isoleucine, leucine and valine 3AlbinismTyrosinaseTyrosine 4HomocystinuriaCystathionine β -synthaseMethionine 5AlkaptonuriaHomogentisic acid oxidaseTyrosine and phenylalanine