1. Liverpool Accelerator Physics Group International Linear Collider (ILC) R&D The Cockcroft Institute The University of Liverpool is the lead organisation in the newly formed national centre for accelerator science - the Cockcroft Institute. Liverpools partners in the Cockroft Institute are the Universities of Lancaster and Manchester, Daresbury Laboratory (CCLRC) and the North West Development Agency (NWDA). The Positron Source Conversion Target (0.4X 0 Ti) Polarised Positrons ( 5 MeV) Helical Undulator ( 200 m) Photon Collimator Photons( 10 MeV ) Electrons (150 GeV to 250 GeV) One of the key components of the ILC design is the positron source. It will have to produce of order 10 14 positrons per second, with the nominal ILC bunch structure of 2820 bunches per pulse and 5 pulses per second. As a part of the heLiCal collaboration and the EUROTeV project, Liverpool contributes to the R&D for an undulator-based positron source. In this design the ILC electron beam is passed through a helical undulator of length approximately 100 m (see panel below left) producing synchrotron radiation with a typical energy of approximately 10 MeV which collides with a pair-production target (see panel below right). Positrons produced from the target are captured by a tapered magnetic field before being accelerated to 5 GeV and passed through a damping ring. The resulting positron beam is injected into the main accelerator where it is accelerated to the required energy (nominally 250 GeV) before passing through the beam delivery system and finally being brought into collision with the opposing electron beam at the interaction point. Possible ILC layout. Schematic of undulator-based positron source. The ILC (left) is a TeV energy-scale next generation linear collider, colliding electrons and positrons. Providing high-accuracy measurements of particle interactions, the ILC physics programme is complementary to that being followed by the LHC at CERN, Geneva, a hadron collider of similar energy. The Beam Delivery System (BDS) is the region after the main linacs (linear accelerators), leading up to the Interaction Point(s) (IP) and detector(s). It consists of a large number of specialised sections for measuring and correcting beam properties. The beam is transported and manipulated using a series of magnets, known as the optics. Institutions involved in the design include SLAC, KEK and Daresbury Laboratories, and the Universities of Cambridge, Lancaster, Manchester, Oxford, Royal Holloway, UCL and Liverpool. The numbers shown here represent the current baseline design and are all subject to change! A new tool, known as a Laserwire, is being developed to measure the size of the beam. Laser light is directed on to the beam and is then forward scattered by the beam bunches (see below left). A beam intensity camera shows the laser light being brought towards the beam (below) and into collision with it (below right). The Laserwire allows the sizes of high energy beams to be measured to the micron level. Beam Delivery System and ATF Test Beam Running Possible ILC layout. In general, it is desirable for the beam size to be as small as possible to maximise collision luminosity. The beam size is given by the formula shown to the left, where and p are the beam emittances and momenta, and D is the dispersion of the beam. The resolution of the Laserwire deteriorates below 10 m so larger beam sizes are required at the point where the beam is to be measured. This is achieved by varying the extraction line magnet optics. Various optics designs have been proposed, such as the one shown left which has been developed at Liverpool. Optics testing on a real machine is an invaluable precursor to the designing of the final ILC optical layout. Helical Undulator Insertion Device Magnets or current elements are used to generate a (spatially) rotating magnetic dipole field along the major axis of the undulator. Charged particles entering the undulator describe helical trajectories in the field. This leads to the emission of intense circularly-polarised synchrotron radiation on axis. The heLiCal collaboration has developed two undulator prototype modules using different technologies: superconducting and permanent magnet. The superconducting module prototype. The permanent magnet module prototype (built at Liverpool) shown in two halves. The superconducting undulator module consists of an aluminium former into which has been machined two interleaved helical grooves with a period of 14mm. Superconducting (NbTi) wire ribbons are wound into the grooves and current is passed in opposite directions along the two helices to give a design field of 0.8T on axis. The results of on-axis Hall probe field measurements are shown below. Further prototypes are currently under construction. The permanent magnet undulator module consists of trapezoids of NdFeB magnets arranged to form rings with a dipole field on axis (illustrated below). Successive rings forming the undulator were rotated with respect to each other to give the necessary field. Field measurements for this prototype are ongoing. The heLiCal collaboration has members from Daresbury Laboratory, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, DESY, Durham and Liverpool. Pair-Production Target Liverpool heads the EUROTeV-funded project to develop a pair-production target as part of a high-intensity polarised positron source, and works in collaboration with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the US on the development of a water-cooled rotating wheel target design. The wheel consists of a titanium alloy (Ti-6%Al-4%V) disc 0.4 radiation lengths thick and with a radius of 1 m which rotates at approximately 1000rpm. A conceptual design for the target is shown below. Photons incident on the target (e.g. from the synchrotron radiation produced in an undulator) produce electromagnetic showers of electrons, positrons and photons. The simulation on the left shows a square of the target with photons incident from the left side. The green lines show photons which have passed through the target. The (relatively few) red and blue lines show electrons and positrons. If the incident photons are circularly-polarised then the outgoing positrons will tend to be longitudinally spin-polarised. Approximately 20kW of heat is expected to be deposited in the target during operation at the ILC. The heat will be dissipated by the water-cooling system whilst the rotation of the wheel will prevent any one spot on the target from over-heating. Studies of heating, radiation damage, neutron activation and remote-handling systems are all on-going, and Liverpool will shortly begin constructing target prototypes. Capture Optics Positron beam pipe Target wheel Vacuum feedthrough Motor Photon beam pipe Spin Transport Polarised beams allow the structure of particle interactions to be probed more precisely than possible with unpolarised beams. The ILC baseline design specifies that the electron beam should be at least 80% spin- polarised. There is also a strong physics case favouring the use of a spin-polarised positron beam with a polarisation of approximately 60%. This degree of polarisation can be achieved by the helical undulator positron source described in the panel to the left. As part of the PPARC-funded LC-ABD (Accelerator Beam Delivery) project, Liverpool heads a group developing computer simulations that track the evolution of polarised beams as they travel through the ILC from the sources to the beam dumps. Damping ring simulations Bunch-bunch depolarisation After production, the electrons and positrons pass through damping rings containing wiggler magnets which act to radiatively cool the beams. As the bunches of electrons and positrons approach each other in the interaction region, their Coulomb fields perturb the spin orientation of the individual electrons and positrons. This depolarising effect is shown below for two different set of possible ILC beam parameters. In each case a bunch of electrons starts with 100% spin-polarisation which then evolves as the electrons approach a bunch of positrons. The simulation to the left is an example of a calculation used to estimate how much of the beam polarisation is lost through radiative spin diffusion as the beam circulates in a ring. TESLA parameter s low Q parameter s P INIT =1.0 Before Interaction During Interaction After Interaction During Interaction Before Interaction After Interaction Spread in Polarisation The ATF damping ring is part of the accelerator complex at KEK in Tsukuba, Japan. As a fully operational accelerator, it is being used as a test bed for new accelerator technologies, particularly in the area of beam diagnostics equipment. Shown to the right is the entire damping ring where the beam is stabilised and to the far right is the extraction line where damped beam bunches are passed through any diagnostics equipment. The conventional method of measuring the beam size is to use wire scanners which pass a wire through the beam and build up an intensity profile (right). ILC beams will be of too high energy to employ this method as they will melt the wires!