1. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California1 A New Approach to Gravity & Space Propulsion Systems Benjamin Thomas Solomon B.Sc. (Elec. Eng), Dip. O.R., M.A.O.R., M.B.S. (Banking & Finance) QuantumRisk.com

2. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California2 Introduction 1.This paper presents a portion of a new technology, Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT), it is hoped will revolutionize space propulsion systems. 2.There still are gaps in the body of knowledge pertaining to this technology, and with enough funding and scientific scrutiny, this technology will present viable space propulsion systems within this decade.

3. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California3 Paper Overview 1.The Trouble with Time. 2.Time Dilation Gravity Model. 3.Momentum Exchange Bypass 4.Current Research 5.Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT) Experimental Results 6.New Technology Options 7.Technology Sensitivity Analysis 8.Future Spacecraft Designs

4. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California4 1. The Trouble with Time

5. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California5 1. The Trouble with Time: Paradoxes [1] 1.Time travel can only be possible if we can prove, without unresolvable paradoxes, an effect prior to cause, for any case within the boundaries defined by the wormhole mechanics. 2.“Our current understanding” is the crux of the issue here. Lets explore options in an unbounded manner. [1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

6. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California6 1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1] 1.One possible explanation is that the wormhole mechanics is not correct. It might be mathematically correct but not the correct model of the universe. 2.If we start with the axiom that there is no past or future, only the present, then wormholes always return us to the present. We observe the past only because the fastest signals, light, takes time to travel across vast distances, but what is happening ‘now’, in that vast distance, is different from what we are observing ‘now’. [1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

7. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California7 1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1] 3.In order for any theory of time travel to be viable, we must first resolve any paradoxes or at least expose them of not being paradoxes. Only then can we develop any plausible theory of time travel. [1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 3-4, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

8. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California8 1. The Trouble with Time: The Universe [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

9. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California9 1. The Trouble with Time: Conclusion [2] 1.Alternatives: The Expanding Universe as Surface Model provides an alternative explanation to “dark energy” [3]. 2.Centripetal Force: An expanding and rotating Universe would experience a centripetal force, which would fling all the galaxies apart at an ever-increasing rate. This explanation would circumvent the need to invent a “dark” energy. 3.Fundamentally Incorrect: Most importantly, it suggests that modern theories about spacetime that allow for time travel are fundamentally incorrect. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 [3] Andrew Chaikin, “Dark Energy: Astronomers Still 'Clueless' About Mystery Force Pushing Galaxies Apart”, Editor, Space & Science posted: 07:00 am ET 15 January 2002, http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/cosmic_darknrg_020115-1.html http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/cosmic_darknrg_020115-1.html

10. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California10 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model

11. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California11 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4] Time not dilated.Time is dilated. Center of mass of left hemisphere. Original center of mass, of right hemisphere. New center of mass of right hemisphere. Elongation of the right hemisphere of a particle cloud. X Y Z [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

12. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California12 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4] The new center of mass, S CM, is, S CM = (3/8) s xo (d xd /d xo - 1) Therefore, the center of mass of the particle probability cloud has shifted further to the right, in keeping with the direction of time dilation. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

13. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California13 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4] 1.  s = (3/8) s xo.  t 2.The distanced moved by the particle is a function of the change in time dilation at that point. 3.Note that the change in time dilation,  t, is not the same as the duration taken to move. 4.To put it another way, when time dilation is constant with respect to a particle’s frame of reference, the particle is stationary with respect to its own fame of reference. 5.When time dilation is non-linear, the particle is displaced and therefore experiences motion with respect to its own frame of reference. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

14. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California14 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Gravitational Effect [4] The gravitational effect can be summarized as follows, 1.Time dilation distorts the shape of a particle’s probability cloud in the direction of increasing time contraction. 2.This distortion of the particle’s probability cloud results in the shifting of the center of mass of the particle in the direction of increasing time contraction. 3.The net effect is that the center of mass of the particle moves in the direction of increasing time contraction. 4.This effect in space is called a gravitational field. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

15. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California15 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2] When time dilation is zero, particle is symmetrical and spherical. Time dilation field Particle’s own frame of reference [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

16. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California16 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2] When time dilation is not zero, particle is symmetrical but ellipsoidal. Time dilation field Particle’s own frame of reference [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

17. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California17 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2] When time dilation is non-linear, particle is asymmetrical & ellipsoidal. Time dilation field Particle’s own frame of reference [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

18. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California18 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4] 1.Assuming that at infinity, t o = 1, reduces the equation to, v f = c √ (1 – 1/t v 2 ) 2.where v f is the free fall or equivalent Lorentz/time dilation velocity when time dilation is t v, assuming that this relationship holds. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

19. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California19 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4] That is, the acceleration experienced by a falling body is governed solely by the change in time dilation in the gravitational field. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3-6, http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/ http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/

20. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California20 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation Breakout [2] 1.Zero-Point Particles: The logical extrapolation is, particles that do not exhibit a probability density volume will be impervious to gravitational effects. 2.Lorentz Transformation Breakout: Not having probability density shape makes these particles impervious to relativistic effects. 3.Zero Shifting: Substituting s xo = 0, particle size is zero, results in, S CM =(3/8). 0. (t R - t L )=0 (no change in center of mass) [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

21. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California21 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation Breakout [2] 4.Short Distance Breakdown: Even if (t R - t L ) > 0, this hypothesis does not breakdown at very short distances approaching zero. 5.New Approach: Yes, this hypothesis suggests an approach that can be used to breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz transformations. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

22. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California22 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2] 1.Virtual Field: The “Gravitational Field” is not real. It is a Virtual Field. 2.Real Effect: The “Gravitational Effect” is real, and purely the result of the non-linearity of time dilation. 3.Implicit Assumptions: This Time Dilation Gravity Model does not implicitly assume an UP or DOWN, for the model to work. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

23. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California23 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2] 4.Narrow Scope: Any gravitational model that implicitly assumes an UP or Down is too narrow in scope to deliver future space propulsion technologies. 5.Breakout Possibilities: It is possible to breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz Transformation equations. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

24. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California24 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass

25. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California25 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Review [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

26. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California26 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

27. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California27 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

28. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California28 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

29. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California29 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2] 1.At this point, all I can say is, the direction of the time dilation, holds the key to the momentum vector. 2.In compressing and bouncing back, the probability cloud is able to use the direction of time dilation to change the momentum vector. 3.This behavior of the probability density shape/size in the absence of a real particle is termed Momentum Exchange Bypass. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

30. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California30 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2] 1.Consistency: The Momentum Exchange Bypass presented here is based on the Time Dilation Gravity model, and is therefore, consistent with this model. 2.Not Straightforward: If the Time Dilation Gravity hypothesis is correct, then there is a lot more to momentum exchange than straightforward transfer of kinetic energy and momentum vectors. 3.A Process: Momentum exchange is a process. This process is able to change vectors, using apparently scalar functions, time dilation and probability density. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

31. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California31 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2] 4.Intercede: Given that momentum exchange is a process, using electromagnetism, one is then able to intercede in this process to deliver virtual momentum exchange behavior, termed, Momentum Exchange Bypass. 5.More Research: Most importantly, Momentum Exchange Bypass suggests that there is more to be done with regard to our understanding of momentum exchange. 6.Propulsion Systems: If Momentum Exchange Bypass is real, then we are on our way to achieving true propellantless propulsion systems. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

32. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California32 4. Current Research

33. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California33 4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5] [5] E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor”, Physica C 2O3 (1992) 441-444, http://www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt 1.Shielding properties of single-phase dense bulk superconducting ceramics of YBa2Cu3O7-x against the gravitational force were studied at temperatures below 77 K. 2.A small non-conducting and non-magnetic sample weighing 5.48 g was placed over a levitating superconducting disk and the loss of weight was measured with high precision using an electro-optical balance system.

34. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California34 4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5] [5] E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor”, Physica C 2O3 (1992) 441-444, http://www.gravity-society.org/phc.txt 3.The sample was found to lose from 0.05 to 0.3% of its weight, depending on the rotation speed of the superconducting disk. 4.Partial loss of weight might be the result of a certain state of energy which exists inside the crystal structure of the superconductor at low temperatures. 5.The unusual state of energy might have changed a regular interaction between electromagnetic, nuclear and gravitational forces inside a solid body and is responsible for the gravity shielding effect.

35. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California35 4. Current Research: 1995, Hooper’s Self-Canceling Coils [6] [6] NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. MILLIS, MARC G. WILLIAMSON, GARY SCOTT JUN. 1995 12 PAGES, 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, San Diego CA, 10-12 Jul. 1995; sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE NASA-TM-106963 E-9719 NAS 1.15:106963 AIAA PAPER 95-2601 Avail: CASI HC A03/MF A01 1.Experiments were conducted to test assertions from Patent 3,610,971, by W.J. Hooper that self-canceling electromagnetic coils can reduce the weight of objects placed underneath. 2.No weight changes were observed within the detectability of the instrumentation. 3.More careful examination of the patent and other reports from Hooper led to the conclusion that Hooper may have misinterpreted thermal effects as his 'Motional Field' effects. 4.There is a possibility that the claimed effects are below the detection thresholds of the instrumentation used for these tests.

36. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California36 4. Current Research: 1998, Superconducting Disks [7] [7] David Noever & Ron Koczor, "Radio-frequency illuminated superconductive disks: Reverse Josephson effects and implications for precise measuring of proposed gravity effects." Mail Code: ES76 Space Sciences Lab, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Abstract for NASA JPL-Ninth Advanced Space Propulsion Research Workshop and Conference, Pasadena, CA March 11-13, 1998 1.We report experiments on RF-illuminated (1-15 MHz) superconducting disks with corresponding gravity readings indicating an apparent increase in observed gravity of approximately 3-5x10^-5 cm/s^2, above and to the side of the superconductor. 2.The observed gravitational modification range is significantly lower than the 2.1% gravity modification reported by Podkletnov.

37. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California37 4. Current Research: 1998, Rotating Magnetic Fields [8] [8] David Noever, Ron Koczor, and Rick Roberson*, "Superconductor-mediated modification of gravity? AC motor experiments with bulk YBCO disks in rotating magnetic fields." NASA MSFC ES76, Space Sciences Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812, 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland Convention Center, Cleveland, OH July 12-15, 1998, Special Session of Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (Session 6-APC-1), AIAA-98-3139AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit 1.This configuration was applied with and without a permanent DC magnetic field levitating the superconducting disk, with corresponding gravity readings indicating an apparent increase in observed gravity of less than 1x10^-6 cm/s^2, measured above the superconductor.

38. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California38 4. Current Research: 2001, Gravity Shielding- NASA [9] T. Robertson, “Exploration of Anomalous Gravity Effects by rf-Pumped Magnetized High-T Superconducting Oxides”, AIAA- 2001-3364, NASA Marshall, Huntsville, AL http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/bpp/pdf/Robertson-JPC.PDF 1.The general conclusion is that the results of these tests gave a null result. 2.Further, it is concluded that the balance is sensitive to mass changes at room temperature and down to approximately –175C...

39. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California39 4. Current Research: Conclusion Nobody’s got it. [10] Frank Vizard, “Grappling with Gravity, Out of the Box or Totally Out of Bounds?”, Popular Science, June 2002, Page 36 “... But no one has succeeded in duplicating Podkletov’s results... NASA decided to spend $600,000 to prove or disprove the theory once and for all” [10]

40. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California40 5. PNPT Experiments

41. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California41 5. PNPT Experiments: First Generation Experiments [11] Device A1, aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field Device A1, aligned perpendicularly to the Earth’s magnetic field Motion predicted by conceptual framework Earth’s magnetic field Motion predicted by conceptual framework [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24-28, Albuquerque, NM

42. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California42 5. PNPT Experiments: Second Generation Experiments (2GE) [11] [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24-28, Albuquerque, NM Motion predicted by conceptual framework Device A1, aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field Device A1, aligned perpendicularly to the Earth’s magnetic field Earth’s magnetic field

43. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California43 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Weight Loss [11] [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24-28, Albuquerque, NM

44. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California44 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Superconductivity (Once) [11] [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24-28, Albuquerque, NM

45. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California45 5. PNPT Experiments: Experimental Summary as at April 2001 [11] [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24-28, Albuquerque, NM Results AchievedPeriod 1mm deflectionNov/99 – Feb/00 0.1g weight loss (1 hour)Dec/99 – Jan/00 0.5g weight loss (3 hours)Jan/99 – Feb/00 1.0g weight loss (3 hours)Mar/00 – Aug/00 3.0g weight loss (3 hours)Aug/00 – Sep/00 3.0g weight loss (1 hour)Apr/01

46. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California46 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device type ‘B’ [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

47. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California47 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘B2’, Electrical Characteristics [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

48. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California48 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘B2’, Weight Loss [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

49. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California49 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device type ‘J’ [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

50. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California50 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘J1’, Electrical Characteristics [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

51. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California51 5. PNPT Experiments: 2GE Device ‘J1’, Weight Loss [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

52. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California52 5. PNPT Experiments: Basic Observations in Physics [2] 1.Experimental repeatability. 2.Not due to the Earth’s magnetic field. 3.No electric field no force. 4.No magnetic field no force. 5.Not due to the “oxygen” effect. 6.Both electric and magnetic fields must be present to observe a force. 7.Increased m-current increases net weight change. 8.Reverse the electric field and weight change is reversed. 9.Turn it upside down & weight change is reversed. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

53. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California53 5. PNPT Experiments: Video Stop of Video

54. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California54 6. New Technology Options

55. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California55 6. New Technology Options: Comparisons [2] NASA / Current Criteria PNPT (BTS) Research Built designs that should workYes, they workNo Built designs that should not workYes, they don’t workNo Operates at Room Temperature or HigherYesNo Does Not Use SuperconductorsYesNo Does Not Use Exotic MaterialsYesNo Has No Moving PartsYesNo PortableYesNo [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

56. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California56 6. New Technology Options: Technology Ladder [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 Observed Anomalies Recognition Concepts Hypothesis Experimental Devices Recognized Theories Prototypes Commercial Applications 1999-2003 2001-Rudimentary 1973-1999 1973 PNPT/BTSNASA / Current Research 1996?-2003? Unknown 1992 Experimental Verification 1999-2003 Scientific Community? 2003-2007

57. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California57 6. New Technology Options: NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics [12] TD15-PLN-015, John H. Glenn Research Center Baseline, 21000 Brookpark Rd., Cleveland OH 44135 December 4, 2000. Project Plan for Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Space Transportation Research Investment Area NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Consortium concepts [12]: 1.Technical Challenge 1 - MASS: Discover new propulsion methods that eliminate or dramatically reduce the need for propellant 2.Technical Challenge 2 - SPEED: Discover how to circumvent existing limits to dramatically reduce transit times. 3.Technical Challenge 3 - ENERGY: Discover fundamentally new modes of onboard energy generation to power these propulsion devices.

58. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California58 6. New Technology Options: Breaking the Rules [2] 1.Interstellar Travel is not feasible with present day conventional wisdom. 2.If Interstellar Travel is to be a reality, we have to break the rules of conventional wisdom but remain within the orbit of rigorous logic. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

59. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California59 6. New Technology Options: Interstellar Technology Objectives [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 ObjectivesSupporting Concepts 1. Journey IntegrityPost-Newtonian Propulsion Zero Propellant Replenishment Unbounded Energy Onboard 2. Propulsion Systems IntegrityPost-Newtonian Propulsion 3. Live Systems IntegrityTrivial Travel Times 4. Navigation IntegrityNo Unique Reference Required 5. Communications IntegritySuper Luminal Communications

60. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California60 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 1.Concept 1: Post-Newtonian Propulsion. 2.Technology Approach:Paradigm shift away from the concept of momentum exchange. Future propulsion systems need to utilize Momentum Exchange Bypass. This avoids the ZPR problem altogether. 3.Technology Required:Propulsion engines need to fold spacetime.

61. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California61 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 1.Concept 2:Trivial Travel Times. 2.Technology Approach:Paradigm shift away from the concept of velocity and duration. 3.Technology Required:Invent engines that can fold spacetime. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology is the only option right now.

62. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California62 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 1.Concept 3:Zero Propellant Replenishment. 2.Technology Approach:Invent new propulsion methods that eliminate the need for propellants. 3.Technology Required:True propellantless propulsion. Nuclear based propulsion is a close choice but not quite it.

63. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California63 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 1.Concept 4:Unbounded Energy Onboard. 2.Technology Approach:Invent/develop new energy sources/storage that provide unlimited or nearly unlimited propulsion energy requirements. 3.Technology Required:This we have. It is nuclear energy.

64. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California64 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 1.Concept 5:No Unique Reference. 2.Technology Approach:Invent/develop navigation systems that eliminate the need for a central point of reference. Independent of Earth bound communications & references. 3.Technology Required:Stellar Fingerprinting. To be able to look at the mass of stars and recognize where we are. Use pulsars?

65. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California65 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1.Concept 6:Bypass Velocity of Light. 2.Technology Approach:Deep space voyages require us to invent new communications technologies that does bypass the speed of light. 3.Technology Required:Information Teleportation. Dr. Ping Koy Lam of the Australian National University has successfully demonstrated photon teleportation. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

66. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California66 6. New Technology Options: Technology Summary (BTS) [2] Objectives ConceptsState of Technology 1.Journey Integrity Post-Newtonian PropulsionFeasible - Experimental (BTS) Zero Propellant ReplenishmentFeasible – NASA/Air Force/Navy Unbounded Energy OnboardAvailable – Nuclear - NASA/Navy 2.Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian PropulsionFeasible - Experimental (BTS) 3.Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel TimesUnknown 4.Navigation Integrity No Unique ReferenceFeasible – NASA/Air Force/Navy 5.Communications Integrity Photon TeleportationFeasible – Australian National University [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

67. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California67 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis

68. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California68 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Current Technology Travel between Earth and Moon. Non-Critical Vital Critical [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 Journey Integrity Live Systems Integrity Propulsion Systems Integrity Communications Integrity Navigation Integrity Tolerable Travel Times Zero Propellant Replenishment Radio Earth Assisted

69. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California69 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Advanced Technology Non-Critical Vital Critical Travel beyond the Moon but within the Solar System. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 Live Systems Integrity Journey Integrity Propulsion Systems Integrity Communications Integrity Navigation Integrity Tolerable Travel Times Unbounded Energy Onboard Zero Propellant Re-fuelling No Unique Reference Radio Tolerable Travel Times

70. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California70 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Future Technology Non-Critical Vital Critical Travel beyond the Solar System. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 Journey Integrity One & The Same Live Systems Integrity Propulsion Systems Integrity Navigation Integrity Communications Integrity No Unique Reference Trivial Travel Times Bypass Speed of Light

71. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California71 8. Future Spacecraft Designs

72. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California72 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design Pictures courtesy of NASA, http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index.html http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/index.html Shuttle Like Spacecrafts (SLS): Unfortunately, this is not the future.

73. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California73 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design Picture courtesy of NASA, http://www.nasa.gov/extend/HP_ELT_Feature_03.html Ion Propulsion: Unfortunately, this too, is not the future.

74. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California74 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations 1.Silicon wafers can be laid out in two compact formats. Tubular format, back to back, suggesting an engine design that is cylindrical. Flat format, side by side, suggesting an engine design that is part of the spacecraft “floor”. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

75. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California75 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations 2.The field effects must encompass the whole spacecraft. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

76. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California76 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Almost Correct Design Star Trek Enterprise: Not a likely design as the engines are, too far apart & far back for the field effects to encompass the whole spacecraft in an optimal manner. Field Effect [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

77. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California77 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Correct Design To maximize the field effects, the propulsion system has to be within and center of the spacecraft. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

78. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California78 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems Layout 1 st Design Approach: Propulsion system is buried inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of the vessel design. Forward/Backward Thrust Lateral Thrust Up/Down Thrust [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

79. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California79 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems Layout 2 nd Design Approach: Propulsion system is buried inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of the vessel design. Forward/Backward Thrust Lateral Thrust Up/Down Thrust [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003

80. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California80 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Future Spacecraft Design Using the 1 st Design Approach, the spacecraft is saucer shaped. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0-9720116-2-5, March 2003 Propulsion System is buried inside the spacecraft

81. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California81 9. Summary & Conclusion

82. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California82 9. Summary What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization: 1. Time Travel: Implies incorrect theories. A through re-examination of current theories is required. 2. Dark Energy: Implies a disconnect between the real Universe and modern theories. An approach has been presented. This needs to be investigated further. 3. Current Theories on Gravity: Are too narrow in scope to enable Interstellar Travel. A fundamentally new approach is required. A suggested approach has been presented.

83. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California83 9. Summary What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization... continued: 4. Lorentz Transformation Breakout: We can & must breakout of Relativistic Bind of Lorentz Transformations. An approach has been presented, and needs to be investigated further. 5. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Needs to be formally proven. 6. ISSETI: A new Inter-Stellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI) is required.

84. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California84 9. Conclusion Interstellar Civilization status requires two initiatives: 1.The Space Program needs to advance Science, and not Science advance the Space Program. 2.Inter-Stellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI).

85. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California85 9. Acknowledgements I would like to thank, the following organizations for providing the opportunity, To present/publish unconventional ideas, 1.The Journal of Theoretics 2.National Space Society To test/verify my experiments at their labs, 1.University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 2.University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado

86. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California86 9. Contact Author:Benjamin Thomas Solomon Address:P.O. Box 40 Conifer, CO 80433-0040 eFax:801-365-8995 Tel:303-949-7930 Email:solomon@QuantumRisk.com

87. Benjamin Thomas Solomon P.O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433-0040 http://www.QuantumRisk.com/ solomon@QuantumRisk.com eFax: 801-365-8995 Tel: 303-949-7930 © Solomon 2003 May 25th 2003International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California87 9. QuantumRisk Journal Authors required for the following articles: 1. Military Value of the Moon, and its Impact on World Politics. 2. Synthetic Life Forms. 3. Impact of Inter-Planetary Resources on World Politics. 4. First Nations: Independence of Moon & Mars. 5. A World without the United Nations. Contact: Ben Solomon, solomon@QuantumRisk.com