1. Normal Forms through BCNF CPSC 356 Database Ellen Walker Hiram College (Includes figures from Database Systems by Connolly & Begg, © Addison Wesley 2002)

2. Unnormalized Form A table that includes one or more repeating groups. StudentNameStudentClassesRoomNoProfessor Minnie Mouse English 101 Psych 240 Accounting 110 BC Gerst 120 Hins 209 H. Higgins Lucy Van Pelt Scrooge McD GoofyBasketweaving 1 English 101 KC BC Daffy Duck H. HIggins

3. First Normal Form (1NF) Each row, column intersection must have a single value –No composite attributes –No multivalued attributes Put the table into 1NF by repeating student names for each repeating group.

4. Example in 1NF StudentNameStudentClassRoomNoProfessor Minnie MouseEnglish 101BCH. Higgins Minnie MousePsych 240Gerst. 120Lucy van Pelt Minnie MouseAccounting 110Hins. 209Scrooge McD GoofyBasketweavingKCDaffy Duck GoofyEnglish 101BCH. Higgins

5. Example: FDs and Candidate Key Functional Dependencies –StudentClass -> RoomNo, Prof –Prof -> RoomNo Candidate Key –Since StudentName cannot be determined from anything else, it must be part of the key. StudentClass gives the rest. –StudentName, StudentClass -> all attributes

6. Second Normal Form (2NF) Every non primary key is fully functionally dependent on the primary key Full Functional Dependency –Attribute B depends on A, but not on any subset of A In other words, the primary key determines every other attribute, but no subset of the primary key determines any other attribute!

7. Example is not 2NF Primary key is StudentName, StudentClass –StudentName must be included because it can’t be derived from anything else –StudentClass distinguishes tuples of the same student RoomNo and Prof are not Fully Functionally Dependent on primary key –StudentClass -> RoomNo, Prof

8. Going to 2NF Split the relation into (at least) 2 relations –One relation has the subset of the primary key and all attributes that depend on it –The other relation has the rest of the attributes and an appropriate foreign key In our example: –CourseInfo (StudentClass, RoomNo, Prof) –Student(StudentName, StudentClass)

9. Notation for functional dependency First row is the relational schema Additional row for each dependency –“down arrow” for left side –“up arrow” for right side –Example goes here For 2NF, no dependency has down arrow for only part of the primary key. Non-key dependencies don’t matter, e.g. Prof->Room

10. Example 13.8 (p. 392)

11. Third Normal Form (3NF) Schemas in 3NF have no transitive dependencies of non-key attributes Transitive dependencies cause potential duplication in the relations A transitive dependency is when –A, B, and C are attributes in the relation –A->B and B->C –C is not an attribute of the relation’s key

12. Recognizing Transitive Dependencies If any attribute has both a down-arrow and an up- arrow (staffNo in example 13.8), then there is a transitive dependency. If the attribute is part of the relation’s key, the transitive dependency does not violate 3NF Any dependency between 2 non-keys will be transitive! (key->non-key1; non-key1-> non-key2) Therefore, assuming that every Prof has a favorite Room, we have –StudentCourse->Prof, Prof->RoomNo

13. From 2NF to 3NF Recognize transitive dependencies Remove attributes involved in transitive dependency to their own relation, leaving only a “foreign key” behind. Example: –CourseInfo (StudentClass, Prof) –Student(StudentName, StudentClass) –FavoriteRoom(Prof, RoomNo)

14. Summary of Normal Forms Every attribute depends on the key, The whole key, And nothing but the key! Condition 1 describes the definition of key Condition 2 describes 2NF Condition 3 describes 3NF (or BCNF)

15. Boyce Codd Normal Form (BCNF) A relation is in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a candidate key A determinant is a set of attributes on which some other attribute is fully functionally dependent. Schemas that are 3NF but not BCNF are rare. They require –Two or more composite candidate keys –Candidate keys share at least one attribute

16. BCNF vs. 3NF BCNF if every FD X->Y satisfies one of the following conditions: –The FD is trivial (Y is subset of X) –X is a superkey 3NF if BCNF or the following is true: –Every attribute in X but not Y belongs to a candidate key

17. BCNF Can Lose Dependencies When putting a relation into BCNF, it is possible that a functional dependency will not be preserved, because the related attributes will be split into separate relations. Tradeoff: –3NF preserves all dependencies –BCNF prevents all redundancies

18. Example: Find 3NF, Is it BNF? Student, Course, Semester -> Prof Prof, Semester -> Course(Prof teaches 1 course / sem) Course, Semester, Time -> Prof Prof, Semester, Time -> Room, Course Prof, Semester, Course, Time -> Room (redundant!)

19. Up / Down Arrow Form (Not 2NF) StudentCourseProf.Sem.RoomTime vv^v ^vv v^vv ^vv^v

20. Find Candidate Keys Student, Semester, and Time have no up- arrow (cannot be determined by other attributes), so must be part of a candidate key Candidate keys: –Student, Course, Semester, Time –Student, Prof, Semester, Time

21. Remove Partial Dependencies Course depends only on Prof & Semester –R1: {Prof, Semester, Course} Room depends only on Prof, Semester and course; –R2: {Prof, Semester, Room, Time} Original with Room and Course removed –R3: {Student, Prof, Semester, Time}

22. 2NF Partition (Also 3NF) CourseProf.Sem ^vv Prof.SemRoomTime vv^v StudentProf.SemTime UnusedDepen-denciesBelow vv^v v^vv

23. Dependency Analysis No transitive dependencies –This is good news. We are in 3NF Some dependencies are “broken” –They do not connect attributes of a single relation –This is “non-dependency-preserving” If we join back the relations we created will we get the same information? –Yes, in this case – No, in general

24. Algorithm to Get 3NF Start with 1NF Remove all violations of 2NF by decomposition Remove all violations of 3NF by further decomposition It’s possible you will break dependencies

25. Dependency Preserving 3NF First, massage the dependencies into a standard form (minimal cover): –Every right side is a single attribute –No attributes are redundant –No dependencies are redundant Next, create a relation for each of the revised dependencies (guaranteed 3NF because only one dependency per relation) Finally, create one more relation for the primary key, if it’s not already included in one of the others.

26. Another Algorithm to get 3NF Find minimal cover of FDs –Every FD has one attribute on right –No FD can be derived from other FDs in the set Combine FDs with same attributes on the left Create a relation for each remaining FD If no relation contains the original superkey for all attributes, construct one relation with just the superkey This set is guaranteed to be 3NF and equivalent to the original relation

27. Finding Minimal Cover Split up the dependencies with multiple right sides –X->Y,Z becomes X->Y, X-> Z Check for redundant attributes on left side –Compute closure of each set that leaves out one attribute. If it includes the right side, remove the extra attribute. Check for redundant dependencies –For each dependency, compute the closure of the set on the left side against all the other dependencies except the one you’re testing. If you find the attribute on the right side in the closure, you can leave that dependency out.

28. Example: Single Right Sides T1. Student, Course, Semester -> Prof T2. Prof, Semester -> Course T3. Course, Semester, Time -> Prof T4. Prof, Semester, Time -> Room, Course T5. Prof, Semester, Course, Time -> Room T4 is split: T4a. Prof, Semester, Time -> Room T4b. Prof, Semester, Time -> Course

29. Example: Finding Redundant Attributes Consider T1: Student, Course, Sem -> Prof –{Student, Course}+ = {Student, Course} –{Student, Sem}+ = {Student, Sem} –{Course, Sem}+ = {Course, Sem} Since Prof cannot be derived without all 3 attributes, T1 has no redundant attributes T2 and T3 and T4a are similar (no redundant attributes) T2 is T4b with Time removed; obviously Time is redundant and T4b can be removed from the set.

30. Example: Redundant Attributes in T5 T5: Prof, Semester, Course, Time -> Room {Prof, Semester, Time}+ = {Prof, Semester, Time, Course, Room} –Prof, Semester, Time -> Room by T4a –Therefore, Course is redundant in T5 –Removing Course from T5 makes it the same as T4a

31. Example After Redundant Attribute Removal T1. Student, Course, Semester -> Prof T2. Prof, Semester -> Course T3. Course, Semester, Time -> Prof T4a. Prof, Semester, Time -> Room

32. Example: Remove Redundant Dependencies T1. Student, Course, Semester -> Prof //Not redundant (see next slide) T2. Prof, Semester -> Course //Course cannot be derived any other way T3. Course, Semester, Time -> Prof //Not redundant (see next slide) T4a. Prof, Semester, Time -> Room //Room cannot be derived any other way

33. Show T1 is not Redundant Remove T1 from the set of dependencies Compute {Student, Course, Semester}+ using only T2, T3, and T4a –No left sides are satisfied by this combination, so the closure is simply {Student, Course, Semester} Because Professor was not in the closure, T1 is not redundant (Similar reasoning for T3)

34. Creating the Relations Each relation has all (and only) the attributes mentioned in one dependency; R1 = { Student, Course, Semester, Prof } R2 = { Prof, Semester, Course } R3 = { Course, Semester, Time, Prof } R4 = { Prof, Semester, Time, Room } Since none of these contains a key for the whole relation, we add R5 = { Student, Course, Semester, Time }

35. Evaluating the Result Every functional dependency from the closure affects exactly one relation in the schema – No dependencies are lost (this is dependency preserving) At most one non-key attribute per relation, so a transitive dependency would have to lead back to a key attribute (as in R3) Therefore, our result is in 3NF and dependency preserving.

36. Result is Not BCNF The result is not BCNF because of the extra dependency in R3: –Course Semester Time Prof –Prof, Semester -> Course –It’s ok to have this dependency for 3NF, but not for BCNF.