1. Confined Animal Feeding Operations - CAFOs ASM 336 September 30, 2013

2. CAFO Characteristics High stocking rate For economies of scale (highest output at the lowest cost) Artificial methods to insure health and improve production Antibiotics & pesticides Modern machinery and, often, biotechnology Breeding programs to produce animals suited to confined conditions and a consistent food product

3. Confinement Operations Usual species: cows, pigs, turkeys, chickens

4. Concerns Large amounts of waste products Dead animals Concentration of animals Lack of pasture Lack of movement De-beaking of chickens (which averts vicious fighting & cannibalism) Confinement of sows in gestation crates (which keeps them from fighting)

5. UK, Farm Animal Welfare Council Five freedoms: Freedom from hunger & thirst Freedom from discomfort, pain, injury or disease Freedom to express normal behavior Freedom from fear Freedom from distress

6. U.S. Survey Which of the following is of highest importance? Animals properly fed, watered, housed, and treated for injury and disease Natural animal behavior & comfort Price of food

7. U. S. Consumer Survey Consumer Ranking 1.Natural animal behavior & comfort (46%) 2.Animals properly fed, watered, housed, and treated for injury and disease (40%) 3.Price of food (14%) Consumers generally report that “a high standard of animal care” is their biggest concern, defined as: Allowing natural behaviors Outdoor exercise Shelter Socialization Comfortable bedding

8. Human Health According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Farms on which animals are intensively reared can cause adverse health reactions in farm workers Workers may develop acute and chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal injuries, and may catch infections that transmit from animals to human beings Chemical, bacterial, and viral compounds from animal waste may travel in the soil and water Residents near such farms report nuisances such as unpleasant smell, flies and adverse health effects

9. Animal Health Confinement and overcrowding impacts on animals: Can provide optimum conditions for viral mutations and transmission Causes a lack of natural locomotion and exercise which weakens bones and muscles Selection of generations of birds for faster growth rates and higher meat yields has led to A high degree of genetic uniformity Immune systems less able to cope with infections

10. Indiana CAFO Study June 19, 2009 Report: Surveyed 50 swine and dairy operation personnel in 8 counties (Benton, Cass, Huntington, Jasper, Jay, Randolph, Wabash, and Wells) Represented the largest concentration of animal facilities in the state There were approximately 645 CAFO operations in Indiana at the time of the study

11. Partner Work Talk with your assigned partner to answer questions 5 – 9 on your notes (both) Guess the answers that were found in a 2009 research project – CAFO operators were questioned You have 5 minutes I will share what the IN swine and dairy operation personnel actually reported

12. CAFO Question Partners K Bender/T Peters M Burke/D Pike J Bunchek/B Popp T Clemens/ L Roederer C Keown/M Rosenberg J Lambert/M Yearwood J Pelsy/D Zumwalt K Fischer/C Schuman D Harbison/M Warstler S Metcalf/J Waterman M Misch/L Weiss C Noyes/S Williams J Paarlberg/J Wint N Redelman/A Yaggie D= Romesberg/P Hellwarth K Brown/E Geis J Cale/A Guckien J Carter/C Huston L Christman/A Lupfer J Crum/G Meents A Cupp/J Nannet

13. Demographics & Acceptance The average operator was younger and more educated than the average Indiana farmer CAFO operators faced little opposition in the siting process A few operators reported that their siting process was opposed by individuals or organized groups 80% of surveyed operators reported that community response as mostly positive or all positive

14. IN CAFO Study – Personnel CAFO operators make greater use of hired labor than typical farm operations and wages are higher (average $12.38 per hour, compared to an average farm wage of $8.50 an hour) Hired labor varies from hired managers to part-time help

15. IN CAFO Study - Environmental Environmental violations by CAFO operations were uncommon In the counties in the study, less than 1% of CAFOs were cited for water quality violations Conclusion: there was little evidence to suggest that the size or type of operation predicts an increase in the chance of an environmental violation occurring

16. IN CAFO Study - Economic CAFO operators make large feed and supplies purchases both locally and regionally Some CAFOs generate enough added tax revenue to cover the added costs they create for a county but some do not All eight counties have zoning ordinances that apply to land use Each county approaches CAFO regulations differently, from” All decisions made on a case-by-case basis …to… Clearly defined development standards and land-use zones

17. CAFO Fact Sheets Talk with your assigned partner (as before) read and discuss the CAFO fact sheet you are given Answer questions 10-12 on your class notes (both) I will use the bullet points to report to the entire class on Wednesday so we all have the information from all the fact sheets Turn in your class notes today

18. Partners K Bender/T Peters M Burke/D Pike J Bunchek/B Popp T Clemens/ L Roederer C Keown/M Rosenberg J Lambert/M Yearwood J Pelsy/D Zumwalt K Fischer/C Schuman D Harbison/M Warstler S Metcalf/J Waterman M Misch/L Weiss C Noyes/S Williams J Paarlberg/J Wint N Redelman/A Yaggie D= Romesberg/P Hellwarth K Brown/E Geis J Cale/A Guckien J Carter/C Huston L Christman/A Lupfer J Crum/G Meents A Cupp/J Nannet

19. Reading Assignment Choose one of the articles listed under “Air Quality” Diet and Feed Management Practices Affect Air Quality from Poultry and Swine Operations (AS-582-W) Dust Management in Horse Facilities (ID-444-W) Forests and Our Environment (FNR-139-W) Matching Multiple Ventilation Fans (BV-1-W) You will be asked to summarize the article on Wednesday (‘closed book’) Title, author, and main points (bullet list)