1. Study of a Silica Aerogel for a Cherenkov Radiator Ichiro Adachi KEK representing for the Belle Aerogel RICH R&D group 2007 October 15-20 RICH2007, Trieste, Italy

2. 1 Outline Introduction Silica Aerogel Production Optical Quality Improvements & Studies  Transparancy  Refractive Index Uniformity Machining Possibility Further Developments Conclusions

3. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 2 Introduction Proximity focusing RICH with silica aerogel as Cherenkov radiator for new Belle forward PID  upgrade program going on to replace the present threshold-type aerogel Cherenkov counter Requirements for radiator  Refractive index ~ 1.05  High transparency  Hydrophobic  for long term stability  Reasonable block size Aerogel radiator Position sensitive PD with B=1.5Tesla Readout electronics Cherenkov photon 200mm n=1.05

4. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 3 Baseline aerogel tiling configuration  Cover ~3.6m 2 area  Use hexagonal-shape aerogel block Reduce possible photon loss at corner  Hexagon with 75-mm side  ~220 tiles in total  Make square shape block first  Then, make it hexagon with water-jet cutting device, making full advantage of hydrophobic nature Radiator Tiling Layout 420mm 1145mm Hexagon shape

5. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 4 Silica Aerogel Production Production Method  Sol-gel process n Si(OR) 4 + 4 n H 2 O  n Si(OH) 4 + 4 n H 2 O hydrolysis n Si(OH) 4  (SiO 2 ) n + 2 n H 2 O condensation  Chemical treatment to make hydrophobic  Supercritical drying  CO 2 extraction method  31 degree Celsius and 7.5 MPa Optical Quality  Transparency  T = T 0 *exp(-d/  ) where T is light intensity and d sample thickness  Refractive index measured with Fraunhofer method  These properties are strongly related to:  Chemical solvent  Mixing ratio between them 3 dimensional network

6. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 5 History of Aerogel Production 20 50 transmission length at 400nm (mm) refractive index 1.0101.0401.0701.100 1 st generation:1970’s-1980’s TASSO/PETRA 1.025 ~ 1.055 2 nd generation:1992-2002 Belle Aerogel counter/KEKB 1.010 ~ 1.030 new production method hydrophobic 3 rd generation:2002- A-RICH for Belle upgrade 1.030 ~ 1.080 new solvent I II III

7. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 6 Optical Transparency transmission measurement for 20 mm thickness samples n = 1.045 20 mm thickness Target index Averaged transmission length at 400nm 1.045 46.6  1.4 1.050 40.4  1.1 1.055 32.8  1.1 1.060 28.9  0.7 T = T 0 exp(–d/  )  : trans.length 2 times higher than previous samples C = 0.005  m 4 /cm C ~ 0.005-6  m 4 /cm

8. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 7 Transmission Length Transparency for index ~ 1.04-1.06 samples almost doubled Confirmed in a series of test beam experiments 2nd generation ◆ 2005-2006 ▲ 2004 ■ Before 2003 Transmission length at = 400nm prototype result with 3 GeV/c pions 2005 sample 2001 sample n~1.050 photon yield is not limited by radiator transparency up to ~50mm

9. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 8 Index Measurement Refractive index  Measured with Fraunhofer method using 405nm laser 1.050 1.0451.0551.060 Target indexMeasured 1.0451.0446 ± 0.0002 1.0501.0488 ± 0.0001 1.0551.0533 ± 0.0003 1.0601.0614 ± 0.0002 screen deflection angle  405nm laser aerogel sample only edge of aerogel block is used Check other area with an independent way

10. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 9 Index Scan Study (1) Relative weight for each composition in an aerogel was examined with XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis X-ray tomography device was used to scan relative aerogel density difference X-ray =0.156nm  beam spot < 1mm elementSiOC weight(%)43.4%50.6%6.0% Si

11. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 10 Index Scan Study (2) 109mm density relative uniformity Distance from edge(mm) Density ratio(%) edge center middle  (n-1)/(n-1) ~ +/-0.02 Index (Fraunhofer method at 405nm) = 1.0577 +/- 0.0006 10.7mmt need further studies preliminary value:

12. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 11 Block Size Large sample produced  Can be used for real detector  150 x 150 mm 2 cross section  Thickness: 10 mm and 20 mm “crack-free” rate by visual scan 110x110x20mm 3 150x150x20mm 3 n =1.050

13. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 12 Machining Possibility Hydrophobic feature allows us to use “water-jet” cutter for machining highly pressurized water injected via very small hole to a sample hexagonal shape for two samples 110mm 150mm

14. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 13 Multiple-Layer Sample two-layer sample with 160x160x20 mm 3 has been successfully produced one can use two aerogel layers as one unit n = 1.045 n = 1.050 160mm transmission length(400nm): 46mm old new stress inside a tile well controlled

15. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 14 High Density Aerogel Challenge to produce transparent aerogel with high density  index ~ 1.10-1.20 (  ~ 0.4-0.8g/cc ). Fill a “gap” between gas and liquid.  Very difficult to make high density aerogel. Aerogel gets milky and it can not be used due to low transparency in a normal way.  new method invented n = 1.22 60x35x10mm 3 transmission length: 18mm at 400nm clear enough to detect Cherenkov photons Npe ~ 9 for 3 GeV/c pions

16. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 15 Conclusions Aerogel in the 3 rd generation has been produced.  index : 1.03 - 1.08  transmission length at 400 nm ~ 40 mm  clarity factor ~ 0.005-6  m 4 /cm  transparent sufficiently to employ Cherenkov radiator  uniformity of index examined with X-ray tomography device Various aspects in aerogel production as well as handling possibility have been investigated  machining  two layer samples with big size of 160x160x20 cm 3 Further attempt for the 4 th generation  high density aerogels

17. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 16 KEK - J. Stefan Institute - Univ. Ljubljana - Nagoya - Chiba - Tokyo Metro. Univ. - Toho Acknowledgements to Matstushita Electric Works

18. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 17 Backup Slide

19. RICH2007, Trieste, Italy 18 Aerogel Production Procedure Preparation Aging ~2 weeks Rinse 1 Hydrophobic treatment Rinse 2-1 Rinse 2-2 Rinse 2-3 (Rinse 2-4) 3 days 2 days (2 days) 3 days Supercritical drying total 1 month