1. European Conquests in Southeast Asia

2.  imperialism: the extension of a nation’s power over other lands ◦ includes political, economic & military power  1. economic motives ◦ markets for raw materials & the sale of manufactured goods  2. competition for global power & influence ◦ colonies were a source of national pride & prestige  3. belief in cultural & racial superiority ◦ Social Darwinism  4. moral responsibility (humanitarian goals) ◦ spread Christianity ◦ spread the benefits of Western democracy & capitalism ◦ the “white man’s burden” - Kipling

3. Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit And work another’s gain Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night?” Take up the White Man’s burden- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers!

5.  review – the Age of Discovery ◦ in 1800, only the Philippines (Spain) & the Dutch East Indies were colonized; by 1900, the entire region was under Western control ◦ see map, p. 649  Great Britain ◦ colonized Singapore in 1819; became a major trade port ◦ also gained control of Burma (Myanmar)  France ◦ began to colonize Vietnam by the mid-19 th century; the process was complete by the 1880s ◦ French Indochina – the name for Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Annam & Tonkin ◦ Vietnam was a French protectorate: a political unit that depends upon another govt. for its protection

6.  United States ◦ the U.S. joined the race for imperialism rather late  during most of the 19 th century, the Americans concentrated on conquering their own continent ◦ gained control of the Philippines in 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War ◦ important for trade with China & the Far East  Thailand (Siam) remained independent ◦ maintained friendly relations with the major European powers in the region

7.  indirect rule: local rulers maintained their positions of authority and status within the new colonial setting ◦ cooperation with the local political elites ◦ a cheaper form of colonial control ◦ less effect on local culture  direct rule: officials (brought in from the mother country) controlled the local government ◦ used when local elites actively resisted foreign control  economic control over the production of raw materials ◦ did not want colonies to develop their own industries

8.  dissatisfaction with the loss of local control  revolts at all levels of society ◦ upper class ◦ middle class ◦ peasant revolts  role of nationalism? ◦ developed in the early 20 th century ◦ by the 1930s, began to push for national independence