2. INTRODUCTION TO ROME Comparing Greece and Rome

3. INTRODUCTION TO ROME Comparing Greece and Rome Geography Influence Polis/Empire Governance Attitude towards outsiders Masters of War vs. Masters of battle Conservative vs. Innovation Practicality vs. Idealism Governing (“Coarse-grained technocrats”) vs. Culture (“Sensitive Aesthetes”)

4. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE

5. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy

6. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey After various adventure largely paralleling the wanderings of Odysseus, the Trojans are cast ashore at the recently founded city of Carthage.

7. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey

8. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium

9. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium Romulus and Remus Sons of Mars

10. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium Romulus and Remus Sons of Mars She-Wolf

11. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium Romulus and Remus Sons of Mars She-Wolf Disagree over where to found city

12. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium Romulus and Remus Sons of Mars She-Wolf Disagree over where to found city Remus mocks Romulus "So perish whoever else shall overleap my battlements.”

13. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium Romulus and Remus Sons of Mars She-Wolf Disagree over where to found city Remus mocks Romulus Romulus founds Rome

14. Mythic History Aeneid Story of Aeneas Written by Virgil, modeled after Homeric Poetry, ~29-19 BCE Escape from Troy Parallels to Odyssey Goes to Italy  Wins Battles, Settles in Latium Romulus and Remus Sons of Mars She-Wolf Disagree over where to found city Remus mocks Romulus Romulus founds Rome Significance Aeneid: Tie to glorious past RR: Ambitious Men Fighting over Rome RR: Honor/Duty/Civic Loyalty>Family Ties

15. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME

16. a Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.

17. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W.

18. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19)

19. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19)

20. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

21. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

22. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

23. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

24. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Italy divided by mts., but less than Greece Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

25. Flatlands Can be unified Sicily Rome

26. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Italy divided by mts., but less than Greece Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28) Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

27. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Italy divided by mts., but less than Greece Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28) Location in middle of Mediterranean Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

29. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Italy divided by mts., but less than Greece Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28) Location in middle of Mediterranean Away from interference by other civ’s in East Location in middle of Mediterranean Away from interference by other civ’s in East Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

30. a FC26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY & ITS IMPACT ON THE RISE OF ROME More farmers & fewer traders in Italy Most Greek colonies in S. Italy (a.k.a. Magna Graecia) Few resources but more than Greece has Better farmland than Greece has Most of Italy’s good harbors are in S. & W. Heavy Greek influence on Rome (FC.19) Hills & mts., but fewer than Greece has Alps help protect Italy from invasions Italy divided by mts., but less than Greece Rome able to unite Italy under its rule (FC.28) Rome able to conquer the Mediterranean (FC.29) Location in middle of Mediterranean Away from interference by other civ’s in East Location in middle of Mediterranean Away from interference by other civ’s in East Persevering & group oriented, but willing to adapt others’ ideas for their own uses

31. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collection of Villages

32. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collection of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards

33. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor?

34. a FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Their practice of Augury Style of dress

35. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis

36. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis Powerful Kings, Armies

37. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis Powerful Kings, Armies Trade with Greek neighbors

38. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis Powerful Kings, Armies Trade with Greek neighbors Control Rome after ~650

40. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis Powerful Kings, Armies Trade with Greek neighbors Control Rome after ~650 Rome under Etruscan Rule Innovations/Characteristics

41. a FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)

42. a FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)

43. a FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)

44. a FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)

45. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis Powerful Kings, Armies Trade with Greek neighbors Control Rome after ~650 Rome under Etruscan Rule Innovations/Characteristics Other Influences Dark/Gloomy Religion Togas

46. Early Roman History and Those Darn Etruscans Collective of Villages Periodization of Roman History Monarchy 753 BCE – 509 BCE Republic 509 – 31 BCE Empire 31 BCE onwards Who are the Etruscans? From Asia Minor? Dominant Power in Italy Cities~Greek Polis Powerful Kings, Armies Trade with Greek neighbors Control Rome after ~650 Rome under Etruscan Rule Innovations/Characteristics Other Influences Dark/Gloomy Religion Togas Rome becomes most imp city in Central Italy

47. a FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19)

49. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N. Rebellion vs. Etruscans Final Three Kings Etruscan  Distrust of Kings Tarquinius Superbus and Lucretia Romans drive out Etruscans Hills Greeks

50. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Result? Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.

51. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.

52. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Who beats Etr’s? Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.

53. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Etruscans decline after Grks beat them Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.

54. The legend of Horatius, who single-handedly held off a surprise Etruscan attack while the Romans destroyed the bridge leading to Rome, reflects continuing Etruscan power over and/or pressure upon Rome at this time.

55. The Etruscan defeat of the Greeks at Alalia in 525 BCE marked a turning point in their fortunes as the peak of their power and also contributing to its downfall. In 474 BCE, the Greeks, and peoples of Latium allied to defeat the Etruscan navies at Cumae. Before this, a series of defeats on land led to the loss of control of Latium, the southern trade routes to Campania, and other territories. To the south, the Samnites defeated the Campanian league, while to the North, the Celts poured into the Po Valley. Veii, which fell to the Romans in 396 BCE, was the first city in the Etruscan heartland to be defeated. From then on, further Etruscan decline was inevitable.

56. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome From the East? Etruscans decline after Grks beat them Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Rome stays free from Etruscans Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.

57. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Etruscans decline after Grks beat them Rome allies with one tribe vs. others Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Rome defeats the hill tribes Rome stays free from Etruscans Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.

58. FC.27 ROME’S EARLY ROOTS: THE ETRUSCANS (c.650-400B.C.E.) Etruscans possibly from Asia Minor as seen in : Use of the arch Etruscans conquer Rome (c.650B.C.E.) & make it a city: Trade, metallurgy & better agriculture Swamp & field drainage & underground. sewers Rome the most important city in Central Italy Alphabet adopted from the Greeks Urban planning on a rectangular grid How to build roads & bridges Their practice of Augury Style of dress Rome wins its freedom (c.500 B.C.E.), but faces enemies on three sides: Latin tribes to the South rebel vs. Rome Hill tribes attack attack from East Rome able to expand vs. its enemies (FC.28) Etruscans decline after Grks beat them Rome allies with one tribe vs. others Romans beat Latins & form the Latin league, treating them more as allies than subjects Latins are more loyal & reliable allies Rome defeats the hill tribes Rome stays free from Etruscans Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Influence from Grks in S. Italy (FC.19) Etruscans still a threat in the N.