1. Lecture 13: Animal Classification تصنيف الحيوان Systematic includes taxonomy, which is the naming تسمية and classification تصنيف of species and groups of species. Systematic includes taxonomy, which is the naming تسمية and classification تصنيف of species and groups of species. Taxonomy: is that branch of biology dealing with the identification تعريف and naming تسمية of organisms. Taxonomy: is that branch of biology dealing with the identification تعريف and naming تسمية of organisms. Aristotle أرسطو (ancient Greek philosopher) began the science of taxonomy. Aristotle أرسطو (ancient Greek philosopher) began the science of taxonomy. Carolus Linneus كارلوس لينياس (1700s) (Swedish botanist) classified all then- known organisms into two large kingdoms: Carolus Linneus كارلوس لينياس (1700s) (Swedish botanist) classified all then- known organisms into two large kingdoms: a) Kingdom Plantae المملكة النباتية a) Kingdom Plantae المملكة النباتية b) Kingdom Animalia المملكة الحيوانية. b) Kingdom Animalia المملكة الحيوانية. Robert Whittaker in 1969 proposed five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Robert Whittaker in 1969 proposed five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Recent studies suggest that three domains be employed: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Recent studies suggest that three domains be employed: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya Systematic/Taxonomy علم التصنيف

2. Animal Taxonomy Linneus classified species النوع as the smallest unit, and that each species nested within يندرج تحت a higher category Linneus classified species النوع as the smallest unit, and that each species nested within يندرج تحت a higher category Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or “appearance الشكل الظاهري ”. Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or “appearance الشكل الظاهري ”. Differentiation between species based on: Differentiation between species based on: a)- Morphological differences اختلافات شكلية a)- Morphological differences اختلافات شكلية b)- The potential to interbreed القدرة على التزاوج with each other in nature to produce fertile offspring جيل خصيب b)- The potential to interbreed القدرة على التزاوج with each other in nature to produce fertile offspring جيل خصيب

3. Traditional Classification التصنيف التقليدي Traditional Classification التصنيف التقليدي : depends on both common ancestry النًّسب and the amount of differences among groups. Traditional Classification التصنيف التقليدي : depends on both common ancestry النًّسب and the amount of differences among groups. The traditional, dating to Linneaus view, is that birds have feathers ريش, reptiles have scales حراشيف, and mammals have hair شعر. The traditional, dating to Linneaus view, is that birds have feathers ريش, reptiles have scales حراشيف, and mammals have hair شعر. Linneus placed each of these groups in a separate class within the Phylum Chordata شعبة الحبليات. Linneus placed each of these groups in a separate class within the Phylum Chordata شعبة الحبليات.

4. Binomial nomenclature التسمية الثنائية ( الاسم الثنائي للحيوان ) Linneus developed the concept of binomial nomenclature, whereby scientists could communicate clearly. Linneus developed the concept of binomial nomenclature, whereby scientists could communicate clearly. Under the binomial system, each species is assigned a two-part latinized name اسم لاتيني من قسمين, (a binomial): Under the binomial system, each species is assigned a two-part latinized name اسم لاتيني من قسمين, (a binomial): 1. The first part, the genus الجنس, is the group to which a species belongs. 2. The second part, refers to the species النوع within the genus. 3. The first letter of the genus is capitalized and both names are italicized and latinized. 4. For example, Linnaeus assigned to humans the scientific name Homo sapiens, which means “wise man”.

5. Systematic position of human الوضع التقسيمي للإنسان Kingdom: Animalia المملكة الحيوانية Kingdom: Animalia المملكة الحيوانية Phylum: Chordata شعبة الحبليات Phylum: Chordata شعبة الحبليات Class: Mammalia طائفة الثدييات Class: Mammalia طائفة الثدييات Order: Primates رتبة الرئيسيات Order: Primates رتبة الرئيسيات Family: Hominidae عائلة البشر Family: Hominidae عائلة البشر Genus: Homo الجنس البشري Genus: Homo الجنس البشري Species: sapiens الإنسان Species: sapiens الإنسان Scientific name: Homo sapiens (The Wise Man الإنسان العاقل )

6. Eukaryota1 2 3 Three Kingdoms of life There are three Kingdoms of life" 1)- Bacteria 1)- Bacteria (Eubacteria), 2)- Archaea 2)- Archaea, 3)- Eukaryota ( Fungi, Protesta, Plantae & Animalia ) Viruses are not considered living organisms.

7. 1- Prokaryotes ( bacteria & archaea ) Current taxonomy recognizes two prokaryotic domains (Kingdoms) : domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. Current taxonomy recognizes two prokaryotic domains (Kingdoms) : domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. Bacteria and archaea exist so early in life and are very different. Bacteria and archaea exist so early in life and are very different. At the same time, they both are structurally organized at the prokaryotic level. At the same time, they both are structurally organized at the prokaryotic level.

8. 1- Prokaryotes ( bacteria & archaea ) Prokarytes exist in habitats البيئات that are too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, or too alkaline for any eukaryote. Prokarytes exist in habitats البيئات that are too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, or too alkaline for any eukaryote. Prokaryotes often interact with other species of prokaryotes or eukaryotes with complementary metabolisms للتكامل الأيضي.Prokaryotes often interact with other species of prokaryotes or eukaryotes with complementary metabolisms للتكامل الأيضي. These relationships called (symbiosis تبادل المنفعة ) in three types:These relationships called (symbiosis تبادل المنفعة ) in three types: 1.Commensalism المعايشة : one partner receives benefitsالمنفعة while the other is not harmed or helped by the relationship. 2.Parasitism التطفل : one partner, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. 3.Mutualism تبادل المنفعة : both partners benefit from each other.

9. A)- Archaea can be classified into: Archaea are extremophiles, “ محب للظروف القاسية ” of extreme environments and can be classified into: a)- Extreme halophiles محب للملوحة : live in such saline places as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. live in such saline places as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Some species require an extremely salty شديدة الملوحة environment to grow. Some species require an extremely salty شديدة الملوحة environment to grow. b)- Extreme thermophiles محب للحرارة live in hot environments. The optimum temperatures for most thermophiles are 60 - 80°C. The optimum temperatures for most thermophiles are 60 - 80°C.

10. B)- bacteria Bacteria is considered as the most known prokarotes. Bacteria is considered as the most known prokarotes. The major bacterial taxa (species) are now accorded kingdom status by most prokaryotic systematists علماء التصنيف. The major bacterial taxa (species) are now accorded kingdom status by most prokaryotic systematists علماء التصنيف. Different types of diseases are caused by bacteria including cholera, many sexually transmissible diseases الأمراض الجنسية المعدية, and certain types of food poisoning التسمم الغذائي. Different types of diseases are caused by bacteria including cholera, many sexually transmissible diseases الأمراض الجنسية المعدية, and certain types of food poisoning التسمم الغذائي. However, more bacteria are beneficial مفيدة. However, more bacteria are beneficial مفيدة. Bacteria in our intestines أمعائنا produce important vitamins. Bacteria in our intestines أمعائنا produce important vitamins. Bacteria recycle CO 2 and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere. Bacteria recycle CO 2 and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere. Bacteria often live in close association among themselves and with eukaryotes in symbiotic relationships علاقة تبادل منفعة. Bacteria often live in close association among themselves and with eukaryotes in symbiotic relationships علاقة تبادل منفعة.

12. Harmful prokaryotes ( Pathogenes المُمْرضات ) Some pathogens produce disease by invading the tissues of the host. Some pathogens produce disease by invading the tissues of the host. More commonly, pathogens cause illness by producing poisons, called exotoxins السموم الخارجية and endotoxins السموم الداخلية. More commonly, pathogens cause illness by producing poisons, called exotoxins السموم الخارجية and endotoxins السموم الداخلية. Pathogenic prokaryotes cause about half of all human disease. Pathogenic prokaryotes cause about half of all human disease. The actinomycete that causes tuberculosis is an example of this source of symptoms. The actinomycete that causes tuberculosis is an example of this source of symptoms.

13. Beneficial prokaryotes ( النافعة ) Humans have learned to exploit the diverse metabolic capabilities of prokaryotes, for scientific research and for practical purposes. Humans have learned to exploit the diverse metabolic capabilities of prokaryotes, for scientific research and for practical purposes. Prokaryotes are used to solve environmental problems. Prokaryotes are used to solve environmental problems. Humans also use bacteria as metabolic “factories” for commercial products المنتجات التجارية. Humans also use bacteria as metabolic “factories” for commercial products المنتجات التجارية. The application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil is bioremediation مُنَقٍّيات أحيائية The application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil is bioremediation مُنَقٍّيات أحيائية