1. IPv6

2. Content  History  IPv4 Downfall  IPv6 Features  IPv6 Addresses  Changes from IPv4  IPv6 Headers/Frames/Packets  Autoconfiguration  Commands  Resources

3. What should I learn from this?  Know what a IPv6 Address looks like  Have an idea why IPv6 is need and should be important to me  How to troubleshoot low level issues  How to look at an IPv6 header and have an idea what is going on with it  Know where to go to ask questions about IPv6  Know what ISATAP, Dual Stack and 6RD are

4. History of IP IPv4IPv6 Dates1969 DARPA started research, 1981 IPv4 RFC791 1999 Data32 Bits128 Bits NotationDecimalHexadecimal Size2^32 addresses (4,294,967,296) 2^128 addresses (340,282,366,920,938, 463,463,374,607,431, 768,211,456) Example192.168.1.0/242001:558:4020::1/56 User SubnetDoes not exist/64, or (2^32)^2 – each household gets the size of IPv4 public addresses squared

5. IPv4 Downfall  IPv4 Addresses are almost gone  All IPv4’s have been assigned!  Everything using a single IP  Growing ISP’s require more IP Addresses  NAT issues

6. IPv6 Main Features  Larger address space for users and ISP to use with public access  Global capability  Plug – and – play  Multihoming Multihoming  Autoconfiguration  Renumbering (easy if setup right)  Simpler header – Streamlining of routing code  Address space

7. Types of IPv6 Addresses Global Unicast2000::/3 Link-Local UnicastFE80::/1 Loopback::1/128 6to42002::/16 Teredo2001:0000::/32 Unique Local UnicastFC00::/7 MulticastFF00::/8 IPv4 Mapped::ffff:128.223.214.23 Link-Local Multicast All- Nodes FF02::1 Private Address RangeFC00::/7 Non Routeable2001:0DB8::/32

8. Global Address  In IPv6 every host is publicly routable.  Each host has 2 IP addresses  Global address is your publicly routable address

9. Link Local Address  A link local address is like an IPv4 NATted address. When you connect your computer to a router, you get (DHCP) an IP Address like 192.168.1.101. This same concept exists in IPv6, but is built into the protocol, and the start of the IP address will be ‘FE80:’  This IPv6 address is how your computer talks to the other computers that are on your same network.

10. Change From IPv4  Address length quadrupled to 16 bytes  Header Format Simplification  Fixed length, optional headers are daisy-chained  IPv6 header is twice as long (40 bytes) as IPv4 header without options (20 bytes)  No checksumming at the IP network layer  No hop-by-hop segmentation  Path MTU discovery  64 bits aligned  No more broadcast  No more fragmentation and reassembly in header  Incorrectly sized packets are dropped and message is sent to sender to reduce packet size  Hosts should do path MTU discovery

11. IPv6 Headers

12. IPv6 Header Extensions  Everything in IPv6 is a header extension – even TCP/UDP payload

13. IPv6 Full Example

14. Autoconfiguration  Built into the IPv6 protocol, there is the concept of IP autoconfiguration.  Stateless  In IPv4, you connect to the router, and your machine asks the DHCP server what IP address it should use.  In IPv6 the DHCP option is still there, but with autoconfiguration, your host negotiates its IP address with all of the other hosts that are on the network.

15. IPv6 Commands  ping6  nmap -6  traceroute -6  ssh -6  Web pages:  http://[IPv6 address]%[device]  http://fe80::21c:42ff:fe00:9%eth1 http://fe80::21c:42ff:fe00:9%eth1  Nslookup (AAAA record)

16. Resources  http://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk648/tk872/technologies_white_paper0900aecd8054d37d.html http://www.cisco.com/en/US/technologies/tk648/tk872/technologies_white_paper0900aecd8054d37d.html  RFC2460 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2460.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2460.txt  RFC4861 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4861.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4861.txt  RFC4862 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4862.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4862.txt  RFC4942 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4942.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4942.txt  RFC5157 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5157.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5157.txt  RFC3756 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3756.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3756.txt  http://www.iol.unh.edu/services/testing/ipv6/ http://www.iol.unh.edu/services/testing/ipv6/  http://nmap.org/book/man-host-discovery.html http://nmap.org/book/man-host-discovery.html  http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/papers/v6worms.pdf http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/papers/v6worms.pdf  http://www.uninformed.org/?v=10&a=3 http://www.uninformed.org/?v=10&a=3  http://www.infosecwriters.com/text_resources/pdf/IPv6_SSotillo.pdf http://www.infosecwriters.com/text_resources/pdf/IPv6_SSotillo.pdf  http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-ipv6/ http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-ipv6/  http://freeworld.thc.org/papers/vh_thc-ipv6_attack.pdf http://freeworld.thc.org/papers/vh_thc-ipv6_attack.pdf  http://www.rmv6tf.org/RMv6TFDocs.htm http://www.rmv6tf.org/RMv6TFDocs.htm  http://defcon.org/images/defcon-18/dc-18-presentations/Bowne/DEFCON-18-Bowne-IPv6.pdf http://defcon.org/images/defcon-18/dc-18-presentations/Bowne/DEFCON-18-Bowne-IPv6.pdf  http://defcon.org/images/defcon-18/dc-18-presentations/Curran/DEFCON-18-Curran-IPv6.pdf http://defcon.org/images/defcon-18/dc-18-presentations/Curran/DEFCON-18-Curran-IPv6.pdf  http://defcon.org/images/defcon-18/dc-18-presentations/Ryanczak/DEFCON-18-Ryanczak-IPV6.pdf http://defcon.org/images/defcon-18/dc-18-presentations/Ryanczak/DEFCON-18-Ryanczak-IPV6.pdf