1. NAVIGATION TRAINING Section 10 Currents and Waves

2. Table of Contents Section 1 Types of Navigation Section 2 Terrestial Coordinates Section 3 Charts Section 4 Compass Section 5 Nautical Publications Section 6 Navigational Aids

3. Section 7 Buoyage Section 8 Position Lines and Fixes Section 9 Tides Section 10 Currents Section 11 Weather Table of Contents

4. Ocean Currents

5. Giant patterns of rotation “gyres” in each of the major ocean basins. Caused by natural effects: salinity, temperature, the Coriolis Effect, etc. Described in the Sailing Directions Examples are the Gulf Stream, the Kuro Shio and the Owa Shio Ocean Currents

8. Tidal Currents

10. Caused by the rise and fall of tides in coastal waters. Speed and timing is dependent upon whether it is spring or neap tides, and the shape of the coast and the sea floor. Tidal Currents

12. Flood Current –A tidal current that flows towards shore (follows a low tide). Relationship of Terms

13. Ebb Current –A tidal current that flows away from shore (follows a high tide). Relationship of Terms

14. Slack Water –A period where there is no horizontal movement of water. Corresponds to the “stand” of the tide. Relationship of Terms

15. Set: the direction of the current pushing; normally expressed in o T. Drift: the speed of the water, normally expressed in knots. Set and drift combined describe the current. Set and Drift

16. Waves

17. If the wind is blowing from the water onto the land they are onshore winds. This causes waves to break a little earlier, thus pushing them over. Waves

18. If the wind blows from the land out to sea, they are offshore winds. They blow against the incoming swell and sustain the waves from breaking while they jack up a little higher and steeper before they break. Waves

19. Water temperatures off Vancouver Island vary between the high 40s F in the winter and the low 70's in the height of the summer, whilst temperatures in the inland waters can be a little cooler, some only getting up to only 55°F. Water Temperature

20. Swell

21. Most of the swells on the British Columbia coast are generated by storms that start in the Aleutians and spin down the coast of North America all fall and winter. They get dragged onto the continent by the jet stream anywhere from Alaska to California. Swell

23. This forces the water up and sort of trips the wave and it breaks, the top of the wave falls down in front of itself. Here in BC the storms fire swell at us over a shorter distance. As a result, because our beaches slope gradually, our surfing waves are comparatively scaled down in size and power. Swell

24. Rip Currents

25. A Rip Current is a current of water flowing out to sea. Rips form when waves push large volumes of water onto the shore and the water returns seaward thorough channels between sand bars, behind islands and around rocky headlands. Rip Currents

26. On a sea coast, they can be identified by a line of discoloured water, foam and debris floating seaward or an area on choppy or confused water in the swell. Rip Currents

28. In all outings on the water, observe local currents and waves, what direction they flow at what times, where the areas. This will assist in: 1. Plotting the best course in certain weathers. 2. Knowing where floating objects might end up going ashore under the effects of the current. Local Knowledge