1. Classroom posters to help facilitate talk.

2. (Yourself) (With a partner) (Whole class)

3. Why? Tell me more! Give an example.

4. Defend your reasoning against a different point of view.

5. How did you arrive at your answer?

8. Redirect a question back to the person.

9. Make one’s thinking public and demonstrate expert forms of reasoning through talk.

10. Restate and make public a person or group’s discussion and understanding.

11. Ensure that everyone is heard and understands what a person says.

12. Make explicit the relationship between a new contribution and what was said before.

13. Revoice a person’s contributions.

14. Hold everyone accountable for the accuracy, credibility, and clarity of their contributions.

15. Tie a current contribution back to knowledge accumulated by a person or the class at a pervious time.

16. Press for evidence and understanding of a person’s statements.

17. Give extra time and space in the conversation to expand reasoning.