1. Characteristics of the South

2. King Cotton short-staple cotton introduced Demand grew in GB in 20s and 30s and New England in the 40s and 50s SC, GA, AL, Miss, LA, TX, AK By Civil War = 2/3 of US exports

3. Cotton Kingdom The “deep South” The “deep South” People moved to this region for Cotton farming People moved to this region for Cotton farming

6. Industry v. Agriculture Why industrialize when agriculture is booming? Why industrialize when agriculture is booming? Some Industry Develops Some Industry Develops - flour milling - textiles - iron manufacturing

7. Based on agricultural mass production Based on agricultural mass production Dependant on outside forces Dependant on outside forces - import food - especially deep south - import manufactures goods Factors Factors -brokers who marketed the crops - often used as bankers to provide loans Plantation Economy

8. Planter Class Oak Alley in Louisiana

9. Planters Minority of White Population Slaveholding Households=1/4 (1860) "Planters" (Slaveholders With 20+ Slaves)=48,000 Households (3%)/1,500,000 Free Households Large Planters (50+ Slaves)=1,000 Households Very Large Planters (100+ Slaves)=2,300 Households Planters Held Over Half the Slaves Dominated Landholding in Most Fertile Regions

10. The Planter as a Cavalier breeding, manners, dignity, listen to elders breeding, manners, dignity, listen to elders avenging insults to white women was of utmost importance avenging insults to white women was of utmost importance dueling = defense of honor dueling = defense of honor - “Southerners were polite until they were angry enough to kill you” Code of honor: elaborate code of chivalry Code of honor: elaborate code of chivalry - loyalty to family, state, region

11. Power of the Planter educated educated provided access to cotton gins and markets for crops provided access to cotton gins and markets for crops provided credit and financial assistance provided credit and financial assistance held high political office held high political office

12. Southern Women role centers in home role centers in home more subordinate to men than N. women more subordinate to men than N. women - object of masculine chivalry - subject of male rule less access to education less access to education the more $ the less you did the more $ the less you did - remain sexually pure, spiritually pious, and domestically submissive – and manage the household

13. plain folk AKA yeomen plain folk AKA yeomen - owned few or no slaves - “self-working farmers” Hill people Hill people - “backcountry” people - subsistence farming – no slaves! - poor Other White Members of the South

14. Black Society in the South

15. 1790 fewer than 700,000 1790 fewer than 700,000 1830 more than 2 million 1830 more than 2 million by 1860 nearly 4 million by 1860 nearly 4 million - 10% reported of mixed race (mulatto) one of fastest growing elements of American life one of fastest growing elements of American life Slave Population

16. uncertain status between slavery and freedom uncertain status between slavery and freedom How do they become free? How do they become free? - purchase freedom - freed by masters - runaway to North by 1860 260,000 free blacks in slave states by 1860 260,000 free blacks in slave states Free Persons of Color

17. Why? Why? - same reason as whites - $ - bought family members 1830 census 1830 census - 3,775 (2%) of free blacks owned 12,760 slaves Black Slave Owners

18. Slave Trade African Slave trade outlawed 1808 African Slave trade outlawed 1808 slavery moves from southeast to southwest slavery moves from southeast to southwest - follows the cotton big business of brokers, pens, and auctioneers big business of brokers, pens, and auctioneers only LA and AL forbade separating a child under 10 from a mother only LA and AL forbade separating a child under 10 from a mother no state forbade separation of husband and wife no state forbade separation of husband and wife Interior of slave pen in Alexandria, Virginia

19. Living Conditions Living Conditions - shacks w/ dirt floors - clothes given twice a year - shoes during winter - DR. generally only severe sickness - more than ½ babies died in 1 st yr. (mortality rate twice that of whites) Plantation Slavery

20. Difference Between and Good Owner and a Bad Owner according to an ex- slave between one who did not “whip too much” and one who “whipped till he’s bloodied you and blistered you.”

21. Slave Women expected to reproduce often expected to reproduce often - incentives = more food, less work, dresses, etc put to work days after childbirth put to work days after childbirth work load increased after childbearing years work load increased after childbearing years sexual abuse sexual abuse harder to escape harder to escape other resistance other resistance - set fires, poisoned masters, stole, sabotaged crops

22. Slave Rebellions 19 th century only 3 major insurrections attempted 19 th century only 3 major insurrections attempted 1. 1800 led by slave named Gabriel Prosser - plot involved 1000 others - seize key points in Richmond - general slaughter of whites - 35 slave conspirators were executed - 10 others deported to the W. Indies

23. 2.1822 led by Denmark Vesey - Charleston, SC - plan of free black to assault white population - 9,000 rebels to be involved - burn city - seize ship and head for Santo Domingo - never got off ground - 35 rebels executed - 34 deported Slave Rebellions

24. 3.1831 led by Nat Turner - Virginia - Turner professed a divine mission to lead a revolt - killed adults and children in masters house - continued gathering slaves and killing whites - around 60 whites were killed - 17 blacks were hanged - large number were killed by militia Slave Rebellions

25. Slave Families slave marriages had no legal status slave marriages had no legal status nuclear family with father at the lead nuclear family with father at the lead began work as early as 5yrs began work as early as 5yrs by 10yrs work in fields by 10yrs work in fields separation is a constant fear separation is a constant fear - in MO a slave woman saw 6 of her 7 children sold to 6 different masters

26. Questions?