1. China Tries to resist foreign imperialists

2. China in the late 1700s China had more people than other empire in the world. China had more people than other empire in the world. Qing Dynasty – Manchu ruling family provided stability and security, following tradition thousands of years old Qing Dynasty – Manchu ruling family provided stability and security, following tradition thousands of years old Chinese looked down on all foreigners Chinese looked down on all foreigners 1793, Qing emperor received ambassador from England. Ambassador brought Western gifts-- 1793, Qing emperor received ambassador from England. Ambassador brought Western gifts-- Clocks, globes, musical instruments, hot-air balloon Clocks, globes, musical instruments, hot-air balloon

3. China – prior to 1790s Emperor responded that China had everything it needed and didn’t want to buy Western products Emperor responded that China had everything it needed and didn’t want to buy Western products China had a healthy agricultural economy and also extensive mining and manufacturing – minerals, beautiful silks, cotton, and fine porcelain. China had a healthy agricultural economy and also extensive mining and manufacturing – minerals, beautiful silks, cotton, and fine porcelain. Chinese empire was self-sufficient & isolated Chinese empire was self-sufficient & isolated Chinese allowed limited foreign trade at one port. China sold more to Europeans than it purchased. Chinese allowed limited foreign trade at one port. China sold more to Europeans than it purchased. British imported millions of pounds of tea from China each year – paid in silver British imported millions of pounds of tea from China each year – paid in silver Europeans wanted to find a product that the Chinese would buy in large quantities Europeans wanted to find a product that the Chinese would buy in large quantities

4. Opium Addictive narcotic made from poppy plant Addictive narcotic made from poppy plant Late 1700s British merchants began smuggling opium into China. Late 1700s British merchants began smuggling opium into China. Opium was illegal in England Opium was illegal in England By 1835, close to 12 million Chinese people were addicted to the drug. By 1835, close to 12 million Chinese people were addicted to the drug. Increase in social, moral, and monetary problems for China Increase in social, moral, and monetary problems for China In 1839, the Qing emperor wrote to Queen Victoria about the problem In 1839, the Qing emperor wrote to Queen Victoria about the problem

5. Britain ignored the Chinese emperor’s request Britain ignored the Chinese emperor’s request Opium War (1839) Opium War (1839) Most battles took place at sea Most battles took place at sea Chinese vessels were no match for Britain’s modern, steam-powered gunboats – CHANGE OVER TIME! Chinese vessels were no match for Britain’s modern, steam-powered gunboats – CHANGE OVER TIME! Chinese suffered a humiliating defeat Chinese suffered a humiliating defeat 1842—peace treaty— Treaty of Nanjing 1842—peace treaty— Treaty of Nanjing

6. Treaty of Nanjing Britain got island of Hong Kong Britain got island of Hong Kong US and other foreigners gained “extraterritorial rights” – exemption from Chinese law at four additional Chinese ports; rights to trade US and other foreigners gained “extraterritorial rights” – exemption from Chinese law at four additional Chinese ports; rights to trade Opium trade continued to expand Opium trade continued to expand Christian missionaries allowed to enter China Christian missionaries allowed to enter China

7. Internal problems Population explosion; hunger, millions starved Population explosion; hunger, millions starved Corruption in Qing government; people discouraged, opium addiction rose steadily Corruption in Qing government; people discouraged, opium addiction rose steadily The Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion Late 1840s Late 1840s Led by Hong Xiuquan Led by Hong Xiuquan Organized peasant army (men and women) from southern China Organized peasant army (men and women) from southern China

8. Taiping Rebellion By 1853, 1 million rebels captured city of Nanjing and declared it new capital By 1853, 1 million rebels captured city of Nanjing and declared it new capital Taiping gov’t controlled vast areas of SE China Taiping gov’t controlled vast areas of SE China Ten years of fighting between Taiping rebels and Qing empire Ten years of fighting between Taiping rebels and Qing empire Qing gov’t allowed British and French troops to help fight against Taiping rebels Qing gov’t allowed British and French troops to help fight against Taiping rebels 1864 rebels defeated; much farm land destroyed, creating famine that killed at least 20 million 1864 rebels defeated; much farm land destroyed, creating famine that killed at least 20 million

9. Reforms Modernize China – Modernize China – educational system educational system Military– new factories to produce steam-powered gunboats, rifles, and modern ammunition Military– new factories to produce steam-powered gunboats, rifles, and modern ammunition China imported raw materials for their military improvements – more debt to European powers China imported raw materials for their military improvements – more debt to European powers Many Chinese people still did not support gov’t Many Chinese people still did not support gov’t

10. Sphere of Influence Many foreign nations took advantage of China’s weakened position Many foreign nations took advantage of China’s weakened position Western powers (including Japan) each gained a “sphere of influence” in China – foreign powers controlled trade and investment Western powers (including Japan) each gained a “sphere of influence” in China – foreign powers controlled trade and investment 1899 US declared Open Door Policy– prevented China from being divided up into colonies like Africa 1899 US declared Open Door Policy– prevented China from being divided up into colonies like Africa Protected US trading rights with China; also protected China from being colonized by Western powers Protected US trading rights with China; also protected China from being colonized by Western powers

11. Chinese Nationalism– Boxer Rebellion Boxers – poor peasants and workers Boxers – poor peasants and workers Angry at Qing gov’t, foreign traders and Christian missionaries Angry at Qing gov’t, foreign traders and Christian missionaries Also attacked Chinese who had converted to Christianity Also attacked Chinese who had converted to Christianity Spring 1900 – Boxers rebelled saying “death to the foreign devils” Spring 1900 – Boxers rebelled saying “death to the foreign devils” Surrounded European sections of Beijing Surrounded European sections of Beijing Multinational force of 20,000 troops marched toward Beijing and quickly defeated Boxers Multinational force of 20,000 troops marched toward Beijing and quickly defeated Boxers

12. Legacy of Boxer Rebellion Despite Boxer defeat, strong sense of nationalism emerged in China Despite Boxer defeat, strong sense of nationalism emerged in China Gov’t in Beijing finally began responding to people Gov’t in Beijing finally began responding to people 1905—Chinese delegation visited Western capitals to observe different gov’ts 1905—Chinese delegation visited Western capitals to observe different gov’ts Returned to China and recommended a constitutional monarchy on Japanese model Returned to China and recommended a constitutional monarchy on Japanese model