1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13: Urban Patterns The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Models of urban structure –Are used to explain where people live in cities –Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago Concentric zone model Sector model Multiple nuclei model

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concentric Zone Model Figure 13-4

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sector Model Figure 13-5

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Nuclei Model Figure 13-6

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Geographic application of the models –Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities Census tracts Social area analysis –Criticism of the models Models may be too simple Models may be outdated

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? Applying the models outside North America –European cities –Less developed countries Colonial cities Cities since independence Squatter settlements

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Income Distribution in the Paris Region Figure 13-10

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Model of a Latin American City Figure 13-14

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city physical issues –Most significant = deteriorating housing Filtering Redlining –Urban renewal –Public housing –Renovated housing Gentrification

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Racial Change in Chicago Figure 13-16

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city social issues –The underclass An unending cycle of social and economic issues Homelessness –Culture of poverty

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city economic issues –Eroding tax base Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes –Impact of the recession Housing market collapse

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Foreclosures in Baltimore Figure 13-18

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion –Annexation –Defining urban settlements The city Urbanized areas Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) –Metropolitan divisions –Micropolitan statistical areas

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Annexation in Chicago Figure 13-19

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis Figure 13-20

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion –Local government fragmentation Council of government Consolidations of city and county governments Federations –Overlapping metropolitan areas

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Peripheral model –Edge cities –Density gradient –Cost of suburban sprawl Suburban segregation –Residential segregation –Suburbanization of businesses

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Density Gradient Figure 13-23

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Suburban Stress Figure 13-25

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Transportation and suburbanization –Motor vehicles More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car –Public transit Advantages of public transit –Transit travelers take up less space –Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile –Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area Public transit in the United States –Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out of CBD –Small cities-minimal use –Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium Figure 13-28

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Resource Issues