1. 1.The Nature, Impact and Issues of Information Technology 1.6Strategies used to Prevent Deliberate and Accidental Illegal Actions

2. Access Authentication  Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, in fact, who or what it is declared to be. * Copied from whatis.com Wsdq KROSKHWIKA

3. Access Authentication  authentication is commonly done through the use of logon passwords  Knowledge of the password is assumed to guarantee that the user is authentic  Each user registers initially (or is registered by someone else), using an assigned or self-declared password  On each subsequent use, the user must know and use the previously declared password * Copied from whatis.com

4. Access Authentication  The weakness in this system for transactions that are significant (such as the exchange of money) is that passwords can often be stolen, accidentally revealed, or forgotten  the password only validates that a correct number has been entered, not that it the actual person  Using biometric techniques (fingerprints, eyes, voice, etc.) is a more secure method * Copied from whatis.com and techweb.com

5. Access Authentication  For this reason, Internet business and many other transactions require a more stringent authentication process  The use of digital certificates issued and verified by a Certificate Authority (CA) as part of a public key infrastructure is considered likely to become the standard way to perform authentication on the Internet. Copied from whatis.com

6. Protective Measures  Information Protection  Physical Protection  Copy Protection

7. Information Protection  Information transmitted over networks is of high risk because it can be intercepted. One way to protect sensitive data is to use encryption  Encryption is the process of converting readable data into unreadable characters  The person who receives the message will use encryption key to decrypt the data back into the original readable form Copied from dmedia.com.hk *

8. Physical Protection  Physical security measures such as locked doors and windows usually are adequate to protect the equipment  Some school offices install alarm system and cables that lock the equipment to a desk or floor Copied from dmedia.com.hk *

9. Physical Protection Copied from techweb.com

10. Copy Protection  Software piracy is the unauthorized and illegal copying of copyrighted software  Software piracy causes loss of millions of dollars to the software producers Copied from dmedia.com.hk *

11. Data Verification  Data verification is to check the correctness of data  Errors may be caused by –Poor handwriting –Typing mistakes  It is usually used when data is entered into the computer system  Data is verified if there is no discrepancy in the transcribing process Copied from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1, W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Ed. Press *

12. Data Verification  Two common methods are used in data verification: –Double Entry  The same data are entered twice.  If the second input is different from the first input, the computer system will displays a warning message * Copied from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1, W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Ed. Press sidhsiels;

13. Data Verification  Two common methods are used in data verification: –Parallel Entry  The same data is entered by two operations independently.  The computer then compares the records entered  An error report will be produced if any two corresponding items are found to be different * Copied from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1, W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Ed. Press

14. Data Validation  Data validation is to check whether the data are reasonable  Data validation is the process of checking whether the data input meets the predefined criteria  If the data input cannot meet the predefined criteria, the computer program will reject the data  It is usually used when data is entering into the computer system  Data validation is used when specific criteria can be defined in advance. * Copied from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1, W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Ed. Press

15. Data Validation  Examples: –The month should fall between 1 and 12 inclusively –The telephone number should contain 8 digits –Age above 100 may be considered as unreasonable * Copied from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1, W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Ed. Press

16. Data Validation  Several common methods are used in data validation: –Presence Check –Range Check –Type Check –Check Digit –Control Total * Copied from Computer Studies for the New Generation Vol. 1, W.H. Kwan, Chung Tai Ed. Press

17. Reference Sites  http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/ 0,,sid14_gci523595,00.html http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/ 0,,sid14_gci523595,00.html Copied from dmedia.com.hk *