1. Financial Statement Frauds Financial Statement Frauds Red Flags of Fraud Red Flags of Fraud

2. Financial Statement Frauds 1. Revenue/Accounts Receivable Frauds (Global Crossing, Quest, ZZZZ Best) 2. Inventory/Cost of Goods Sold Frauds (PharMor) 3. Understating Liability/Expense Frauds (Enron) 4. Overstating Asset Frauds (WorldCom) 5. Overall Misrepresentation (Bre-X Minerals)

3. 1. Revenue Related Financial Statement Frauds By far, the most common accounts manipulated when perpetrating financial statement fraud are revenues and/or accounts receivable. By far, the most common accounts manipulated when perpetrating financial statement fraud are revenues and/or accounts receivable. Accounts Receivablexxx Accounts Receivablexxx Revenuesxxx (Income Assets ) (Income Assets )

4. Revenue-Related Transactions and Frauds See Excel handout #1

5. 2. Overstating Inventory The second most common way to commit financial statement fraud is to overstate inventory. The second most common way to commit financial statement fraud is to overstate inventory. Beginning InventoryOK PurchasesOK Goods Available for saleOK Ending InventoryHigh Cost of Goods SoldLow IncomeHigh

6. Inventory/Cost of Goods Sold Frauds See Excel handout #2

7. 3. Understating Liability Frauds Not recording accounts payable Not recording accounts payable Not recording accrued liabilities Not recording accrued liabilities Recording unearned revenues as earned Recording unearned revenues as earned Not recording warranty or service liabilities Not recording warranty or service liabilities Not recording loans or keep liabilities off the books Not recording loans or keep liabilities off the books Not recording contingent liabilities Not recording contingent liabilities

8. 4. Asset Overstatement Frauds Overstatement of Current Assets (e.g. Marketable Securities) Overstatement of Current Assets (e.g. Marketable Securities) Overstating Pension Assets Overstating Pension Assets Capitalizing as assets amounts that should be expensed Capitalizing as assets amounts that should be expensed Failing to record depreciation/amortization expense Failing to record depreciation/amortization expense Overstating assets through mergers and acquisitions Overstating assets through mergers and acquisitions Overstating inventory and receivables (covered earlier) Overstating inventory and receivables (covered earlier)

9. 5. Disclosure Frauds Three Categories of Disclosure Frauds: 1.Overall misrepresentations about the nature of the company or its products, usually made through news reports, interviews, annual reports, and elsewhere 2.Misrepresentations in the management discussions and other non-financial statement sections of annual reports, and other reports 3.Misrepresentations in the footnotes to the financial statements

10. 4 Changes in employee lifestyle, habits and behaviour 4 Decline in employee morale and/or attendance 4 Operating on a crisis basis 4 Unexplained variances 4 One employees “does it all” and wants to control everything 4 Changes in employee lifestyle, habits and behaviour 4 Decline in employee morale and/or attendance 4 Operating on a crisis basis 4 Unexplained variances 4 One employees “does it all” and wants to control everything RED FLAGS OF FRAUD

11. 4 Missing, altered, or perfect documents 4 Invoice items do not appear consistent 4 Excessive rush or emergency transactions 4 Vendors with generic names and/or Post Office Boxes as addresses 4 Payments made from non-original documentation 4 Missing, altered, or perfect documents 4 Invoice items do not appear consistent 4 Excessive rush or emergency transactions 4 Vendors with generic names and/or Post Office Boxes as addresses 4 Payments made from non-original documentation RED FLAGS OF FRAUD (continued) RED FLAGS OF FRAUD (continued)