1. ODINAFRICA/GLOSS Sea Level Training Course Regional Oceanography and Climate (West Africa) 13-24 November 2006, Oostende Angora AMAN

2. Niger à Malanville: 10 6 km² Humid Dry Indice pluviométrique Sahel Sahel Rainfall index  Recall: why AMMA ?

3. The Gulf of Guinea is very badly simulated in numerical models… -Pb with fluxes; (eg wind stress, local air-sea interaction, convective heating over land of S. America and W. Africa) -Pb with mixing processes; - Pb with horizontal advection + interactions with subsurface -Pb with effect of waves; SSTSurface fluxes Pb mostly in the GG…

4. WEST AFRICA CLIMATE Importance of the GG in the West Africa Climatology - Principal source of the WV which is advected by the atmospheric circulation. It can constitute most of precipitations on the continent - The SST in the GG is also one of the factors, with continental surface which conditions the intensity of the monsoon of West Africa.

5. Atmospheric circulation (averaged winds) Circulation atmosphérique (vents moyens) Wauthy, 1983 January April July October Cersat, Année 2005

7. Annual cycle of precipitation / Cycle annuel des précipitations (Nicholson)

8. : PIRATA (needed for AMMA) (Pilot Research moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic) (1997 - 200??) (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) Tripartite Programme as a contribution to CLIVAR, GCOS and GOOS : - FRANCE (IRD/LEGOS, Météo-France) - BRESIL (INPE, DHN) - USA (NOAA/PMEL) Photo: A.Kartavtseff PIRATA ATLAS buoys network in October 2005  yearly dedicated cruises needed  for replacement/deployment of mooorings

9. PIRATA ATLAS buoys: Measured Parameters : Atmosphere: - wind (direction, speed) - relative humidity - air temperature - precipitation - incident radiation Ocean: - temperature (11 levels from surface to 500m) - salinity (4 levels; 0,20,40,120m) - pressure (at 300 & 500m) - Daily averaged data transmitted in real time by Argos; - High frequency data (10mn) available after servicing operations http://www.brest.ird.fr/pirata/piratafr.html Web sites: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pirata/

10. What is AMMA?  Scientists from more than 25 agencies/institutions in more than 20 countries in Africa, Europe and the US are involved: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Denmark, France, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, Togo, UK, US  International Science and Implementation Working Groups are formed  Endorsement received from WCRP (CLIVAR & GEWEX), GCOS, …  French, UK & USA funding agencies have declared support 2. A coordinated international effort 2: International program AMMA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses 2nd ODINAFRICA Seminar ; Ostende, April 24, 2006

11. Egée 1 trackline (June-July 2005)Egée 2 trackline (September 2005) (Repeated sections at 10°W, 3°E; Contribution to PIRATA, ARGO (Coriolis), GODAE (Mercator)…. + opportunities for other programs as JGOF (CO2, biogeochemistry…) EGEE / AMMA cruises: French EGEE program : => 6 cruises, 2 per year in 2005, 2006 & 2007  interannual variability (Egée 1->6) + intra-annual (Egée 3)

12. Measurements at São Tomé Island (0°N, 6°E) 2) Tide gauge maintained by IRD since 1980s. - Pressure, Atm. pressure + SST & SSS. - Part of GLOOS. - GPS positioned (in December 2002) 1) Installation of a meteorological station in October 2003 + ONSET autonomous temperature sensor in September 2005 EGEE: Meteorological Station + Tide gauge

13. SST annual evolution from in situ records

14. Pointe Noire – Cotonou- Tema - Abidjan

15. Comparison Tabou - Lagos

16. Comparison between in situ and satellite SST measurements (Tema)

17. Comparison between in situ and satellite SST measurements ( Tabou )

18. Comparison between in situ and satellite SST measurements (Abidjan)

19. Comparison SST and SL (r =0.75)

20. Comparison SST and SL (r=0.93)

21. SST and SL anomalies (San Pedro)

22. ODINAFRICA CONTRIBUTION Information from African coast is needed to contribute to the global sea level monitoring network that understands the climate change. Better understanding on the futures of the GG. Contribution of ODINAFRICA to: - the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Climate Variability (CLIVAR) African Multidisciplinary Monsoon Analysis (AMMA) GLOSS