4. Rome Greece

6.  Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus  Very similar to the Greek gods and goddesses!

7.  Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers  Italian Peninsula  Alps: Protection  Mediterranean Sea: Protection, sea- borne commerce

9.  Monday Luna (Luna) MondayLuna (Luna)  Tuesday Mars (Mars) TuesdayMars (Mars)  Wednesday Mercurius (Mercury) WednesdayMercurius (Mercury)  Thursday Iuppiter (Jupiter) ThursdayIuppiter (Jupiter)  Friday Venus (Venus) FridayVenus (Venus)  Saturday Saturnus (Saturn) SaturdaySaturnus (Saturn)  Sunday Sôl (Sol) SundaySôl (Sol)

10.  Architectural  Concrete/mortar/cement  Efficient highway system  Mass entertainment  Aqueducts and viaducts  Thermal baths, central heating and floor heating  Wine-making  Roman alphabet  Latin language and descendants  Roman legal  The Republic & Senate  The Julian Calendar  Festivals  The 3 course meal

12.  Where is Rome (the city) located?  Roman Religion is based on what other classical-age civilization?  Rome is centrally located in the ________________ Basin.

13.  Patricians: Powerful nobility (few)  Plebeians: Regular Citizens (many)  Slaves: Not based on race

14.  Patrician and plebeian men  Selected foreigners  Rights and responsibilities of citizenship ◦ Military service ◦ Taxes

15.  Representative democracy – What is it?  Assemblies – decided elections  The Senate  Consuls – Highest elected government officials  Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

16.  Who could be a Roman Citizen?  How was slavery decided?  Name the two social classes of citizens.  Rome is centrally located in the ______________ Basin.

17.  What are each of these laws all about?  Why do you think each of these laws were written?

18.  What was the name of that Roman Law Code that we examined last class?  Rome is known for beginning what kind of democracy?  Rome had a senate and 2 __________ that were at the head of the government.  What do you think happens when you have a bunch of politicians in the same room for a long period of time?

19.  The tale of Aeneas (The Aeneid) ◦Dido at Carthage and other travels (like The Odyssey)  Historical evidence ◦Settlements from 11 th Century BC

20.  Romulus and Remus ◦Latin princess was Vestal virgin ◦Raped by Mars, bore twin boys ◦Ordered killed by non-Latin king ◦Suckled by a wolf ◦Grew and founded a city (753BC) ◦Romulus killed Remus  Historic Evidence ◦The Etruscans conquered the Romans (non-Latin king) ◦Romans eventually overthrew Etruscans and established kingdom ◦Ruins of home of king (Romulus?) date from 8 th Century BC

21. Myth: 771 BCE Romulus and Remus -Twin sons of the God of War, Mars

22.  Reality: Probably Greek Colonists…

23. Romans have many periods of war and peace with the Etruscans. Tarquin the Proud: Last Etruscan King Rome will continue to expand and evolve for the next couple hundred years…

24.  Began with war of independence from Etruscans (500 BC) ◦ War heroes exhibit desired qualities of Romans ◦ Horatio at the bridge (Oath of the Horatii by Jacques Louis David) ◦ Stories became legends for Romans throughout their history ◦ Compare to American War of Independence  Regal period ◦ Ruled by 7 kings ◦ Revolted against last king to found the republic

26.  Ruled by a senate and the people ◦SPQR= Senate and the People of Rome ◦Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year)  Foreign affairs and the military  Direct access by the people to the consul ◦People (plebs) organized by tribes and they elected 10 tribunes  Governed local affairs  Had veto power (individually)

27.  Senate ◦Never made laws but advice was accepted ◦Had power to appoint a person to solve a specific problem (He was a "speaker" or "dictator") ◦Appointed censors (moral guardian/rank judge) ◦Appointed governors  Concilium plebis ◦Made all the laws (called plebecites) ◦Elected magistrates (administrators) and judges  Comitia Curiata/Centuriata – plebs and patricians ◦Committed the emporium (military power)  All met in the forum (looked over each other)  Pontifex Maximus ◦Religious leader

28. Comparisons with US government ◦Balance of power ◦Senate and House of Representatives ◦Consul (= president) ◦Tribune (veto power) ◦Courts (independent) ◦Military power (?) ◦Censor (?)

29.  Centuries — 100 armed men ◦Headed by Centurian (from the ranks)  Maniples—3 Centuries ◦Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx) ◦Independent decisions (tribunes)  Legions—groups of Maniples ◦6000 men ◦Supported by light cavalry  Discipline ◦Death for individual insubordination ◦Decimation for cowardice

30.  Explain how the Roman Republic and our government in the USA are similar.

31.  Conquest of Italy ◦Took 200 years ◦Granted full or partial citizenship  Tax and legal benefits  Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas ◦Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory)  Roman colonies ◦Established in strategic locations ◦Established by treaty ◦Troops sent when needed ◦Customs of the area left intact ◦Colonies were mostly for trade, with some military purposes

32.  Conquest of the East and West ◦ Allies rather than servants or slaves ◦ Toleration ◦ Corruption in the Greek kingdoms ◦ Some states given to the Romans ◦ Fast, direct attacks with strong determination and discipline ◦ Outnumbered in most battles ◦ Victory over Parthia

33.  Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade.  Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula.  Three wars: ◦ Roman victory ◦ Destruction of Carthage ◦ Expanded trade and wealth for Rome

35. Evolution of the Roman Military SUCCESS: Disciplined troops Varied Types of Troops Well- Paid Experienced

36.  How many Punic Wars were there?  Who were these wars between?  Why did these two sides fight?  What were the overall results?

37.  Violence used to eliminate enemies and impose one’s will ◦Gracchus  Re-election to consulate (many times) and standing army ◦Marius  Assumption of dictator powers, use of the army to override councils, proscription list ◦Sulla

38.  Structure of the "empire" ◦Still a republican form of government ◦Checks and balances ◦Two parties emerged  Optimares (conservatives, Cato and Cicero)  Populares (power to people)  Family  Values (according to the Romans) ◦Piety ◦Discipline ◦Frugality ◦Not greedy ◦Righteous wars ◦Never quit

39.  Status of Women ◦Absence of men at war ◦Women gained economic power ◦Ability to divorce and retain property ◦Morals eventually eroded, in part because home-life eroded

40.  Slavery ◦Conquests increased the number of slaves ◦Constituted 40% of the population ◦Conditions were poor ◦Romans feared slave uprising ◦Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were given food and other benefits

41.  First triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, Pompey  Julius Caesar: Seizure of power, assassinated

42.  Early Life ◦Born to aristocratic family  Caesarian section  Legend that he descended from the gods ◦Known for partying and sexual appetite ◦Captured by pirates and held for ransom  Returned to area and killed pirates ◦Appointed to a series of government jobs  Statue of Alexander

43.  Triumvirate ◦Praised for his work in Spain ◦Appointed governor in Gaul (conquest) ◦Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form the triumvirate (not initially, but later elected) ◦Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus  Crossing the Rubicon ◦Uprising in Asia  Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered ◦Conquest of Egypt  Cleopatra

44.  Returned to Rome as a conquering hero ◦Procession for each territory on a different day (Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia) and games for many additional days ◦Offered crown (as emperor) twice and refused it when people didn't respond favorably  Dictator (rule by one man) ◦Appointed for 10 years and then for life ◦Caesar’s plans for Rome  Calendar (July)  Libraries, theaters, other public works  Gave citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul

45.  Murder of Caesar ◦Killed by senatorial opponents ◦Instigated by his usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor ◦Died March 15, 44 BC  Stabbed by 20 senators  Brutus—illegitimate son ◦Mark Anthony and Octavian  Rallied against the conspirators

46.  Rome conquered Greece 150 BC  Romans took on much Greek culture ◦Gods and goddesses parallel each other ◦Gods had Indo-European roots

48.  Economics ◦Not enough land to support the people ◦Farmers were needed and respected ◦Acquisition of wheat and other foods became a priority ◦Victory over Carthage provided more land ◦Rome was a consumer ◦Trading profits made many Romans rich ◦Extremes of wealth and poverty ◦Citizens did not have to pay taxes

49.  What does the diagram show? This PROCESS known as the _____________ ______________!

50.  Archaeologists follow a similar process when dealing with ancient artifacts!

51.  Term used to describe material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied.  In other words…

52.  When trying to gather evidence from a primary source, first try to answer these basic questions. (You may not have enough information to do so.) ◦ What is it? ◦ Who wrote or made it? ◦ When was it written or made? ◦ Where was it written or made? ◦ How was it written or made? ◦ What evidence does this source contribute to my research?

53.  DO NOT TOUCH ITEM #5  In your group, attempt to answer the questions for each exhibit. You may not know the right answers, and this is OK!  At the end of the time period for each exhibit, the whistle will sound and prompt you to go to the next exhibit.  DO NOT TOUCH ITEM #5

54.  Remember last week? ◦ What has Julius Caesar accomplished so far in our reconstruction of his life? ◦ Who are his main enemies? Politically? Militarily?

55.  Spread of slavery in the agricultural system  Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment  Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar  Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation

56.  Which 3 people made up the first triumvirate?  Explain why the Republic of Rome declined. Give examples to support your reasoning.  The assassination of Julius Caesar had a severe consequence for the Roman people… What was it?  How can we describe an EMPIRE ?

57.  a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or an oligarchy.ethnicmonarch oligarchy  a state with politico-military dominion of populations who are culturally and ethnically distinct from the imperial (ruling) ethnic group and its culture

58.  Augustus Caesar: Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor

59.  Empire: Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military

61.  Failed to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors

62.  List_of_Roman_Emperors List_of_Roman_Emperors

63.  Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius Caesar?  How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome?

64.  What was the Pax Romana?  What was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire?

65.  Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule  Expansion of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East

66.  Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade  Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads  Promoted prosperity and stability

67.  Returned stability to social classes  Increased emphasis on the family

68.  Created a civil service system  Developed a uniform rule of law

69.  What was the Pax Romana?  What was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire?

70.  Explain the history of Christianity and how it spread throughout the Roman Empire.  List the major world-changing accomplishment of Emperor Constantine.  Name the contributions of Rome to today’s society.

71.  Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal.  Christianity later became the official state religion.  Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor.  The Church became the unifying force of Western Europe.

73.  Art and architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum

74.  Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches

75.  Medicine: Emphasis on public health

77.  Explain how Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.  What was the major world-changing accomplishment of Emperor Constantine?  Name some contributions of Rome to today’s society.

78.  List causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire.  Explain how the empire divided into East and West.

79.  Geographic size: Difficulty of defense and administration

80.  Economy: The cost of defense, and devaluation of Roman currency

81.  Military: Army membership started to include non-Romans, resulting in decline of discipline

82.  Moral decay: People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family

83.  Political problems: Civil conflict and weak administration

84.  Invasion: Attacks on borders

85.  Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople  Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 A. D. when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor  Eastern Roman Empire becomes known as the Byzantine Empire

88.  WRITE A SHORT REPORT TO BE PRESENTED TO THE EMPEROR.  IT SHOULD INCLUDE:  The 3 biggest problems faced by the Roman Empire.  a) Explain why you choose it.  b) Write down any possible solutions to it.  c) Repeat for your second and third biggest problems.