1. 9/24 Quiz scores F D C B A TO BE UPDATED

2. Two main approaches to micro- structure Roles: Look at social structure as a set of “jobs” with “functional requirements” and normative expectations. –Benny’s gang can also be analyzed as a set of normatively governed roles. Network: Look at social structure as a set of connections of different kinds between namable individuals. –Networks are key to how blood feud’s start and to how blood feuds can stop.

3. Micro-structure 1) Roles A social structure can be analyzed as a set of statuses each of which has a pattern of appropriate behavior (role). *115-9. role –“Appropriate”means that some kind of sanctioning control will be exerted for inappropriate behavior. –Roles are in sets, so that the other roles in a given set often exert pressures to behave appropriately. –The society as a role structure was the basis of a functional, normative conception of the social system. –The roles and statuses exist independently of the person occupying them, as a “job” in a company may exist even if it is vacant.

4. Example: a jury trial Someone called to jury duty may occupy the status of “juror” at the same time they occupy many other statuses (male, student) Role strain occurs when the expectations of different members of a set are inconsistent. Role conflict occurs when the statuses occupied by an individual push him/her in different directions. Functionalists analyze social structure as a normatively integrated set of roles. Informal structures also have role structures.

5. Debated norms Often there is considerable debate about what are the real “norms” that operate. A jury trial operates under norms of equality before the law, that is blind to class or race. Colin Ferguson and Bernard Goetz both shot a number of people and both used the defense of fear-and-rage. Ferguson was found guilty, and Goetz acquitted. Why? What were the roles and strains operating on DELTA #422 DELTA #422DELTA #422

6. What is “freedom?” Americans all support freedom. –But there are real disagreements about it. –The Union and the Confederate armies both thought they were fighting for freedom. “In a free society its all right if a few people accumulate a lot of wealth and property while many others live in poverty.” Agree or Disagree. –How would you answer? –What variables would affect this item?

7. Examples of role structures and normative conflict: The Haqqania madrassa (How they Grow Terrorists) is a normatively governed role structure. How they Grow TerroristsHow they Grow Terrorists –What are possibly divergent interpretations of the norms that are basic to that structure? –What determines what interpretations win? –Often the main question is not how particular people came to occupy those roles, but why those roles came to be as they are. –How did those norms come to be the way they are?

8. Micro structure 2: Networks A Network is structure of concrete social relationships. Think of a network as a set of concrete relationships between named individuals. While people have different numbers of other persons in their networks, an average network is around 1000 persons. Networks may be more open or closed In modern society, most networks are open; the people in one component of your network (e.g. kin) do not know the people in other components (classmates, roommates, organization members.

9. Example #1 Sociology professor The network The network The ties, of different kinds, are similar to role sets. Only a tiny fraction of the ties are represented. The overlap of indirect ties via one network member and those via another is very small, so that there are indirect ties to c. 1,000,000 (1000 x 1000). A network of this kind can do many things that the kind of network characteristic of a close-knit kinship system or a village cannot do.

10. 2 studies of the power of networks #1. Milgram: the small world problem. –Ask e.g. Omaha farmers to reach e.g. Boston theology student by a chain of personal contacts. –Many letters came through, in a matter of days, by chains of less than 5 links. –There are only “seven degrees of separation.” The “small world” game works in an open system. –But there were major barriers of gender or race. –How open are social ties in the U.S.?

11. #2. Grannovetter: Getting a Job A high fraction of upper level technical jobs (especially better ones) were found by networks. Because: 1. Vacancies disappear in a matter of days. 2. Networks often transmit intelligence more rapidly than organizations or paper. 3. A grapevine is an effective search device 4. But Networks tend to be biased and unequal.

12. Example 2) a terrorist network The network of 9/11 network of 9/11network of 9/11 Note some characteristics: 1. Only a small number of the total ties of the parties are represented. 2. It is open and redundant: eliminating members would not destroy it. 3. It is closed and segmented: few people can incriminate more than a few people.

13. Analysis: America’s Secret Weapon America’s Secret WeaponAmerica’s Secret Weapon Steward argues: It takes a network to beat a network. A football team can’t defeat a soccer team. The example of Blackhawk down is part net. In a netwar, firepower, taking leaders, taking territory, or retaliation has almost no effect. They can be counterproductive.

14. Al Qaeda as a SPIN Segmented: a cellular structure such that components can work secretly and independently. Polycentric: no center to kill Ideologically integrated: high levels of trust and social integration. Most direct attacks merely increase ideological fervor. Networks (We need to understand them.)

15. Secret weapon? 1. Independent, autonomous opposed SPINs (I.e. Elliot Ness strategies) 2. Hackers are a precious national resource. 3. We must understand network dynamics and their relations to home structures. 4. Only an open society that really understands the enemy can win the battle of the narrative (which Steward says we have been loosing.) (How open is the intellectual system in the US?)

16. In thinking about winning the “War of the story” we may need to make an open society and the rule of law more real than it is. Durkheim’s concept of “organic solidary” was tested in the “Dreyfus Affaire” Durkheim’s concept of “organic solidary” was tested in the “Dreyfus Affaire” Dreyfus was a Jew falsely accused of treason. It was a case of profiling. Dreyfus was a Jew falsely accused of treason. It was a case of profiling. Some people argued that supporting the military courts was patriotic duty. Some people argued that supporting the military courts was patriotic duty. Durkheim argued that every Durkheim argued that everyone in the society had to believe the law protects them.