1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Ver.1Systems and Networking1

2. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Architecture Attributes visible to the programmer  Instruction set  Number of bits used for data representation  I/O mechanisms  Addressing techniques Compatibility - Sharing basic architecture  Intel x86 family  IBM system / 370 family Organization Implementing the features  Control signals  Interfaces  Memory technology Organization differs between versions Ver.1Systems and Networking2

3. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Structure Method in which components relates to each other Function Operation of individual components as part of the structure 4 computer functions a.Data movement b.Control c.Data storage d.Data processing Ver.1Systems and Networking3

4. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Functional View Ver.1Systems and Networking4 Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility Operating Environment (source and destination of data) Figure 1: Four computer functions

5. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 a) Data Movement Ver.1Systems and Networking5 Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility Operating Environment (source and destination of data) Figure 2: Four computer functions – Data Movement

6. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 b) Storage Ver.1Systems and Networking6 Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility Operating Environment (source and destination of data) Figure 3: Four computer functions - Storage

7. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 c) Processing - Storage Ver.1Systems and Networking7 Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility Operating Environment (source and destination of data) Figure 4: Four computer functions – Processing from/to Storage

8. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 d) Processing: Storage – I/O Ver.1Systems and Networking8 Data Movement Apparatus Control Mechanism Data Storage Facility Data Processing Facility Operating Environment (source and destination of data) Figure 5: Four computer functions – Storage to I/O

9. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Structure – Top Level Recap: Method in which components relates to each other Ver.1Systems and Networking9 Peripherals Communication lines Communication lines Computer Main Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input Output Computer Systems Interconnection

10. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Structure – Computer > CPU Ver.1Systems and Networking10 Computer Main Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input Output Systems Interconnection CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection

11. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Structure – Computer > CPU > Control Unit Ver.1Systems and Networking11 CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Control Unit Sequencing Logic Control Memory Control Unit Registers and Decoders

12. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Decimal Binary Ver.1Systems and Networking12

13. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Decimal System Decimal digits; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Example: 83  Eight tens plus three: 83 = (8*10) + 3 Radix or base of 10  Each digit in the number is multiplied by 10 raised to a power corresponding to that digit’s position  Example: 83 83 = (8*10 1 ) + (3*10 0 ) Ver.1Systems and Networking13 1 0

14. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Decimal System (2) Decimal fractions  Use negative powers of 10 – corresponding to digit’s position  Example: 0.256 2 tenth plus 5 hundredths plus 6 thousandths: 0.256 = (0 * 10 0 ) + (2 * 10 -1 ) + (5 * 10 -2 ) + (6 * 10 -3 ) Ver.1Systems and Networking14 -2 -30

15. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Decimal System (2) Integer and decimal fractions  Integer: Use positive power of 10 - corresponding to that digit’s position  Decimal fraction: Use negative powers of 10 – corresponding to digit’s position  472.256 = (4 * 10 2 ) + (7 * 10 1 ) + (2 * 10 0 ) + (2 * 10 -1 ) + (5 * 10 -2 ) + (6 * 10 -3 ) Ver.1Systems and Networking15 -2 -3 01 2

16. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Binary System Binary digits; 0 1 Base of 2 Value depends on its position Example: 10 2  10 2 = (1 * 2 1 ) + (0 * 2 0 ) = 2 10 Ver.1Systems and Networking16 1 0

17. COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONS CSNB123 Additional Reference http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html WWW Computer Architecture Home Page CPU Info Center Processor Emporium ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture Intel Technology Journal Manufacturer’s sites Intel, IBM, etc. Ver.1Systems and Networking17