1. How Proteins are Made

2. How RNA differs from DNA 1st- RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides instead of the 2 strands found in DNA RNADNA

3. How RNA differs from DNA 2nd- RNA nucleotides contain the five- carbon sugar ribose rather than the sugar deoxyribose found in DNA One less Oxygen

4. How RNA differs from DNA 3rd- RNA has A, C, G, and U- Uracil (U bonds with A because no T in RNA) Example: DNA ATGCATCG RNA UACGUAGC

5. Transcription and Translation The instruction for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called transcription. The instruction for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule in a process called transcription.

6. Transcription and Translation Cells then use 2 different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up the protein in a process called translation.

8. Transcription: Making RNA Step 1: Transcription begins when RNA polymerases bind to the gene’s promoter (a specific sequence of DNA that acts as a “ start ” signal for transcription.

9. Transcription: Making RNA Step 2: RNA polymerases then unwind and separate the 2 strands of the double helix, exposing the DNA nucleotides on each strand. Step 2: RNA polymerases then unwind and separate the 2 strands of the double helix, exposing the DNA nucleotides on each strand.

10. Transcription: Making RNA Step 3: RNA polymerase adds and then links complementary RNA nucleotides as it “ reads ” the gene. Step 3: RNA polymerase adds and then links complementary RNA nucleotides as it “ reads ” the gene.

12. Transcription Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a form of RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers it to the site of translation. http://10.11.3.62/videos/The%20Language%20of%20Life%20Understandin g%20the%20Genetic%20Code/sec7268_300k.asf

13. Gene Regulation and Structure In eukaryotes, many genes are interrupted by introns (long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information. In eukaryotes, many genes are interrupted by introns (long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information.

14. Gene Regulation and Structure Exons are the portions of a gene that are translated (expressed) into proteins. Exons are the portions of a gene that are translated (expressed) into proteins.

15. Gene Regulation and Structure The exons that remain are “ stitched ” back together by the spliceosomes to form a smaller mRNA molecule that is then translated.

16. Transcripton & Codons The RNA instructions are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA called codons. Example: UAU UGU AGG Codes for: Tyrosine Cysteine Arginine

17. mRNA Codon Chart

18. ****EOC QUESTIONS**** A short chain of DNA has the nucleotide sequence ATA CCG. Its complementary mRNA nucleotide sequence is A. TAT GCC D. UAU GGC C. TUT GCC B. UAU GCC

19. ****EOC QUESTIONS**** What is the maximum number of amino acids that could be coded for by a section of mRNA with the sequence GUCCAGAACUGU? A. 3 D. 12 C. 6 B. 4

20. ****EOC QUESTIONS**** If a codon reads UGU, what is its anticodon? A. TCT D. ACA C. UGU B. AGA

21. ****EOC QUESTIONS**** What is the name of the amino acid coded by AGU? ___________________ Serine

22. Translation: Assembling Proteins Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end. Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end.

23. Translation: Assembling Proteins An anticodon is a three- nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon. An anticodon is a three- nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

24. Translation: Assembling Proteins Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) molecules are RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes.

25. Steps of Translation Step 1: The ribosomal subunits, the mRNA, and the tRNA carrying methionine bind together. Step 1: The ribosomal subunits, the mRNA, and the tRNA carrying methionine bind together. Step 2: The tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon in the A site arrives. Step 2: The tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon in the A site arrives.

26. Steps of Translation Step 3: A peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids. Step 4: The tRNA in the P site detaches and leaves its amino acid behind.

27. Steps of Translation Step 5: The tRNA in the A site moves to the P site, the tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon in the A site arrives. Step 5: The tRNA in the A site moves to the P site, the tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon in the A site arrives. Step 6: A peptide bond is formed. The tRNA in the P site detaches and leaves its amino acid behind. Step 6: A peptide bond is formed. The tRNA in the P site detaches and leaves its amino acid behind.

28. Steps of Translation Step 7: The process is repeated until a stop codon is reached. The ribosomes complex falls apart. The newly made protein is released. Step 7: The process is repeated until a stop codon is reached. The ribosomes complex falls apart. The newly made protein is released. http://10.11.3.62/videos/The%20Language%20of%20Life%20Understand ing%20the%20Genetic%20Code/sec7269_300k.asf

35. EOC Test Prep 1. Which cellular function does this model represent? A. Transcription D. DNA replication C. Transformation B. Translation

36. EOC Test Prep 2. Which part of the model represents a codon? F. A J. D H. C G. B *** Codons are associated with mRNA

37. EOC Test Prep 3.What does the part labeled E represent? A. Ribosome D. Transfer RNA C. Messenger RNA B. Growing protein chain The circles represent amino acids which are what proteins are made up of.

38. Practice DNA- A C C T G T A A C G A G C C A G T T DNA- A C C T G T A A C G A G C C A G T T mRNA- U G G tRNA- A C C Codon - _____ Amino Acid- Tryp A C A U U G C U C G G U C A A U G U A A C G A G C C A G U U Thre Leu Leu Glyc 6