1. 1 China Under Communism Geography 1002 Joseph Naumann

2. 2 The Forbidden City remains a focal point of cultural pride

3. 3 POPULATION DENSITY 2000 CE

4. 4 URBAN CHINA 360 MILLION CHINESE LIVE IN CITIES 31% URBANIZED LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AIR POLLUTION CONGESTION WATER POLLUTION

5. 5 Coastal Cities Are Booming

6. 6 ECONOMIC PROBLEMS PROBLEMS STEMMED FROM THE STATE CONTROLLED ECONOMY. SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED POPULAR RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CENTRAL POLICY HAVE WEAKENED CHINA’S POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAM. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

7. 7 Disparity in Economic Output Coastal areas are booming West Drier Less population More ethnically diverse

8. 8 REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM 1950s - 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED. FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED. INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE- OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES. EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY” DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

9. 9 Social Effects of “Communism” Increased opportunities for women Education for all – increased literacy State tried to replace the extended family as the source of security for individuals – the price of security has always been conformity Contact with other cultures was kept to a minimum until the era of Deng Xiaoping

10. 10 Mao Zedong’s Miscalculations Great Leap Forward (Giant step backward) 1958-62 – Second Five-year Plan Backyard blast furnaces Communes Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966-69 To purge unacceptable elements from leadership – eliminate Western influences Red Guard got out of control Economy was set back greatly

11. 11 ENERGY RESOURCES

12. 12 DENG XIAOPING ERA TOOK POWER IN 1979 AS A “PRAGMATIC MODERATE” ATTEMPTED TO WED COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES OPENED CHINA TO FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PERMITTED STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD

13. 13 1989 Tiananmen Square Students demonstrated for increased levels of democracy in China Leadership didn’t use force at first, so the demonstration grew in size and gained international attention Role of technology – fax machines, etc. The Communist Party’s resolve to maintain absolute power prevailed and troops ended the demonstration The concept of democracy may not be dead

14. 14 Spring, 1989 Students mass in Tiananmen Square to call for greater democratization

15. Spring, 1989 15

16. Spring, 1989 16

17. 17 Goddess of Democracy: Symbol of Tiananmen Square

18. 18

19. 19 Freedom call

20. Crowd control 20

21. Hunger strike 21

22. 22 Civilians Confront & Temporarily Stop the PLA

23. Civilians Confront the PLA 23

24. Civilians Confront the PLA 24

25. 25 Military Force Prevails

26. 26

27. Military Force Prevails 27

28. Military Force Prevails 28

29. 29 10 year anniversary - BEIJING HONG KONG MEMORIAL

30. 10 Year Memorial – Hong Kong Note: the cut-out is in the shape of the goddess of democracy from 1989. 30

31. 10 Year Memorial – Hong Kong 31

32. 32 DENG XIAOPING INTRODUCED ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION MEASURES DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING SHIFTED TO THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURE CREATED SEZs, OPEN CITIES, OPEN COASTAL AREAS ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY”

33. 33 ECONOMIC INITIATIVES SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES 5 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS EASED, LAND LEASES SIMPLIFIED, ETC OPEN CITIES INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES SCALED BACK TO 4 CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI OPEN COASTAL AREAS ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

34. 34 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES INVESTOR INCENTIVES LOW TAXES EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS) LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION

35. 35 CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES DISPARITY: COASTAL CHINA INTERIOR CHINA

36. 36 Economic Development: The Golden Coastline From the east to the west, it’s less developed

37. 37 OPEN CITIES SIZE OVERSEAS TRADING HISTORY LINKS TO “OVERSEAS CHINESE” LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION POOL OF LOCAL TALENT AND LABOR CONFINED TO COASTAL AREAS

38. 38 HONG KONG MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR 6 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES – Great benefit to China 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA– many businesses remained there HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG ACQUIRED A NEW STATUS AS CHINA’S ONLY SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (SAR)

39. 39 Industrial North: China’s Rust Belt Formerly called Manchuria

40. 40 Shanghai and the Yangtze River

41. 41 Agriculture Remains Important: Rice in south & wheat in North

42. 42 China is becoming less, and less “Communist.”