1. JOINTS

2. JOINTS
Is an articulation, the place of union or junction between two or more bones or parts of bones of the skeleton
They show a variety of form and function
i.e. – some joints have NO movements
- some allow slight movements
- some are freely movable

3. JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
3 types of joints (according to the manner or type of material by which the articulating bones are united);
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS
CARTILAGENOUS JOINT

4. JOINTS 1. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Are movable joints containing lubricating liquid called synovial fluid.
Has 3 main parts of a synovial joint;
i) JOINT CAVITY
ii) Bone ends covered with articular cartilage
(made of hyaline cartilage)
iii) Articulating surfaces and joint cavity is
enclosed by articular capsule
ARTICULAR CAPSULE – is fibrous capsule lined with synovial
membrane.

5. SYNOVIAL JOINTS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES; ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS
Synovial joints are usually reinforced by accessory ligaments that are either separate (extrinsic) or are a thickening of a portion of the articular surface (intrinsic).
ARTICULAR DISCS
- Some synovial joints have fibrocartilagenous articular discs which are present when articular surfaces of bone are incongruous .

6. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 6 types of synovial joints;
(Classification is according to the shape of articulating surface and/or type of movement they permit)
PLANE JOINT
HINGE JOINTS
SADDLE JOINTS
CONDYLOID JOINTS
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
PIVOT JOINT

7. SYNOVIAL JOINTS PLANE JOINTS Usually uniaxial
Permits gliding or sliding movements
E.g. acromiumclavicular joint

8. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 2. HINGE JOINT Uniaxial joint
Permits flexion and extension only
E.g. Elbow joint

9. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 3. SADDLE JOINT - Biaxial
Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two different planes.
E.g. Carpometacarpal joint

10. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 4. CONDYLOID JOINT Biaxial
Permit flexion and extension,
abduction and adduction
and circumduction.
E.g. metacarpophalangeal joint

11. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 5. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS Multiaxial
A rounded head fits into a concavity which permits movement on several axis.
E.g. Hip joint

12. SYNOVIAL JOINTS 6. PIVOT JOINT Uniaxial joint
A round process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket allows rotation.
E.g. Atlantoaxial joint.

13. SYNOVIAL JOINTS BLOOD SUPPLY
Rich blood supply; blood vessels can be found in synovial membrane.
Also assists in the production of the synovial fluid (lubricating fluid in synovial joint)
NERVE SUPPLY
Provides proprioception sensation (information that provides awareness of movements and position of the body)
Pain fibers – rich distribution in fibrous capsule and associated ligament
Pain felt in sports injury
Synovial membrane is not sensitive – poor supply pain nerve fibers

14. JOINTS 2. FIBROUS JOINTS Are united by fibrous tissue
The amount of movement depends on length of fibers uniting articulating bone
EXAMPLES;
i) SUTURES of skull
ii) SYNDESMOSES of fibrous joint
iii) GOMPHOSIS

15. FIBROUS JOINTS
SUTURES of skull

16. FIBROUS JOINTS ii) SYNDESMOSIS of fibrous joint
Unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue )either ligament or fibrous membrane)
Partially movable.
E.g. A syndesmosis (bands of fibrous tissue) between tibia and fibula.

17. FIBROUS JOINTS iii) GOMPHOSIS (Dentoalveolar syndesmosis)
is a synarthrosis (joint) that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament.

18. JOINTS 3) CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
Are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Example;
FIBROCARTILAGENOUS INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Between vertebrae
Consist of binding connective tissue that joints vertebrae together.
FUNCTION;
- Provides vertebral column (spine) with;
a) Strength,
b) Shock absorption
c) Some degree of flexibility

19. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
HYALINE cartilage joints between sternum and ribs (SYNCHONDROSIS)
Growth regions of immature bones