1. Chapter 16 Preserving Earth’s Biological Diversity

2. PLEASE NOTE… HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT – DUE NEXT CLASS Reading: R&B: p. 355-360 (take your own notes) Address the following: – Extinction, Background Extinction, Mass Extinction – The state of extinctions today – Endangered Species, Threatened Species – Characteristics of species that make them more vulnerable to extinction – Why are Endemic species vulnerable to extinction? – Habitat Fragmentation - why is it a factor? – Why are Tropical Rainforests in trouble? – What are Biodiversity Hotspots & where are they?

3. The Story of the Bald Eagle Only 417 nesting pairs in the lower 48 states in 1963 Listed as an endangered species in the ESA of 1973 Factors: 1. Clearing forests near lakes/rivers (habitat destruction) 2. Hunting (thought to have an impact on commercial fisheries) 3. Reproductive Failure (could not reproduce at high enough levels to ensure population growth) 1. Result of ingesting food contaminated with DDT Caused eggs to be thin shelled & cracked before embryos were mature Banning DDT (1972) started the recovery process 2. Mercury, lead and selenium were also environmental pollutants that harmed reproductive health 3. Captive breeding programs, removal of eggs from nests in nature, raising baby eagles in refuges

4. Results…… 1994 bald eagle removed from endangered list and transferred to threatened list More than 6,000 nesting pairs in 2002

5. How Many Species Are There? Estimate >5-10 million species 1.8 M organisms scientifically named and described 270,000 plant 45,000 vertebrate animal 950,000 insect Why so many?? FAST REPRODUCTION = FAST SPECIATION

6. Biological Diversity/Biodiversity Variation among organisms…. Genetic diversity: genetic variety within all populations of a species Ecosystem Diversity: variety of interactions among organisms in natural communities –Ecosystem food web as well as the variety of ecosystems on Earth. SPECIES RICHNESS : The number of species present in the ecosystem.

7. WHAT ARE SOME HUMAN CAUSES OF SPECIES ENDANGERMENT? 1. Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation & Degradation. - Reduces a species’ biological range and ability to survive.

8. CAUSES OF SPECIES ENDANGERMENT? 1. Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation & Degradation. 2. Invasive Species - Foreign species whose introduction can cause environmental/ ecological harm ex) Cats of Borneo

9. CAUSES OF SPECIES ENDANGERMENT? 1. Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation & Degradation. 2. Invasive Species 3. Pollution - Acid rain, ozone-depleting compounds, pollutants etc.

10. CAUSES OF SPECIES ENDANGERMENT? 1. Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation & Degradation. 2. Invasive Species 3. Pollution 4. Overexploitation - Over hunted or over harvested animals (eradicate pest/predator or illegal commercial hunting)

11. FRONT BACK INTRODUCTION ZOOS & AQUARIA PROTECTING HABITATS REINTRODUCING ENDANGERED SPECIES RESTORING HABITATS SEED BANKS Intergovernmental Organization: IUCN (World Conservation Union) Nongovernmental Organization: WWF (World Wildlife Fund) GREENPEACE International Conventions: 1992 RIO EARTH SUMMIT CITES TRAFFIC Next TWO SLIDES of info go here…. Summarize the other sections Focus on their role in Preserving Biodiversity & Ecosystems! Foldable: Conservation Biology THIS IS HOMEWORK TONIGHT

12. Conservation Biology: Scientific study of how humans impact organisms and the development of ways to protect biological diversity Guiding Concepts 1.A single large area of habitat is more effective at safeguarding species than several habitat fragments - Supports greater species richness 2.Areas of habitat that lack roads or are inaccessible to humans are better than human- accessible areas 3.More effective to preserve intact ecosystems than to work on preserving individual species one at a time 4.Assign a higher priority to preserving areas that are more biologically diverse than other areas This goes in the “introduction” flap on your foldable

13. In Situ Conservation: includes the establishment of parks, reserves, concentrates on preserving biological diversity in nature. –With increasing demands on land, in situ conservation cannot guarantee the preservation of all types of biological diversity. Ex Situ Conservation: conserving biological diversity in human-controlled setting. Breeding of captive species in zoos and the seed storage of diverse plant crops This goes in the “introduction” flap on your foldable

14. HOMEWORK DUE NEXT CLASS: –Read/take notes on pages 355-360. –Finish foldable Flaps – summarize the other 5 flaps using your book (chapter 16) Back side – focus on these organizations’ roles in preserving biodiversity & ecosystems