1. The comparing of natural antibacterial substance on E. Coli Manhasset Science Research Jean Cheng Period 4

2. Need http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/bjm/v39n4/arq27_fig01.jpg Figure 1: Antimicrobial drugs resistance pattern of urinary E. coli from Southern Brazil

3. Knowledge Base Figure 2: Chemical formula for Penicillin http://itech.dickinson.edu/che mistry/wp- content/uploads/2008/04/peni cillin-core1.png

4. Knowledge Base (cont) Figure 3: Tea tree’s terpene chemical formula http://www.wacker.com/cms/appL/mdm_ima ges/R67_IV-1_-432011277_8959.jpg Figure 4: Pectin Chemical formula http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/pectin_2.gif

5. Figure 5: Aloe vera http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/fr/d/Js2200e/5.html Knowledge Base (cont)

6. Figure 6:Chemical Change in Allicin subjected to different conditions. (Ariga, et al. 2008) http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/33/7433-004- 96DFD197.gif Literature Review

7. Literature Review (cont) Figure 7: Antimicrobial activity of aloe vera gel (Alemdar, et al. 2009)

8. Literature Review (cont) Figure 8:Yuzu fruit seed oil on different microbial (Nakazono, et al. 2006)

9. Literature Review (cont) Figure 9:12 different essential oil on different species of bacteria. (Rusenova, et al. 2009)

10. Purpose Find which natural substance is best in inhibiting E. coli. Null Hypothesis: No effect Alternative Hypothesis: Tea tree oil is the best antimicrobial substance against E. coli

11. Methodology The comparing of natural antibacterial substance on E. Coli Essential oil and antibiotic plant substance N=12 Garlic (allicin) N=3 Tea Tree oil N=3 Petri dish, E.coli, filter paper, glass spreader Disc diffusion assay method SPSS ANOVA Test Aloe (anthraquinones) N=3 Yuzu fruit oil N=3 Millimeter

12. Protocols Bacteria on agar Inhibited Zone(mm) Paper disk with substance being tested Figure 10: Disk Diffusion method http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Images/20-17_diskdiffusion.jpg

13. Protocols (cont) Figure11:http://gsbs.utmb.edu/micr obook/images/fig10_5.jpghttp://gsbs.utmb.edu/micr obook/images/fig10_5.jpg

14. Do-Ability Not expensive doesn’t require large amount of space Some materials found in lab or supermarket Can be finished in 3 days E. coli is needed as well as agar, aloe, tea tree, yuzu, and garlic

15. Budget

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17. Bibliography (cont) Freeman, Frachesco. Garlic chemistry: stability of s-(2-propenyl)-2-propene-1-sulfinothioate (allicin) in blood, solvents, and simulated physiological fluids. J. Agric. Food Chem. Journal. Vol 43 pg2332-2338, 1995. Fulder, Stephen. Garlic: nature's original remedy. 2nd ed. United States: Inner Traditions / Bear & Company, 2000. Ingram, Cass. Tea Tree Oil: The Natural Antiseptic. 1st ed. United States: Knowledge House, 1999. Koizum. Love That Garlic? Fresh May Be Healthier Than Bottled : Diallyl sulfides in garlic activate both TRPA1 and TRPV1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications journal. Vol 19. p929-934, 2009 Lawson L.D, Characterization of the formation of allicin and other thiosulfinates from garlic. Planta Medical Journal. Vol 58. pg345-350, 1992. Macpherson, Casey. The Pungency of Garlic: Actiation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Response to Allicin. Current Biology Journal. Vol 15, p929-934, 2005 Nagane, N. Efficacy of Topical Honey Therapy Against Silver Sulphadizine Treatment in Burns; A biochemical study.Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry,Vol 19#2. pg 173-176. 2004 Nakazono, G. Studies on Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Substance of Yuzu (Citrus junos hort. ex Tanaka) Seed. Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol 1. p 135-139, 2006 Rusenova, Ishiwa. Antimicrobial Activities of Twelve Essential Oils Against Microorganisms of Veterinary Importance. Trankia Journal of Sciences. Vol 7. p37-43, 2009 Shashikanth, K.N. Effect of feeding raw and boiled garlic (Allium sativum l.) on the growth, caecal microflora and serum proteins of albino rats. Nutrition Reports Int. Journal. Vol33(2) pg 313-319. 1986 Society for General Microbiology. "Tea Tree Oil And Silver Together Make More Effective Antiseptics." ScienceDaily 6 April 2009. 3 May 2009. Tao. Cho. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil From The Peel of Satsuma Mandarin. Journal of Natural Sciences. Vol 7(9), p1261-1264,2008