1. Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Commercialisation of Chemistry Visible light semiconductor photocatalysts – a novel hygiene solution Declan McCormack (DIT) and Robert Hickson (Vitra)

2. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Titania (TiO 2 ) Precipitation of submicron high surface area seconducting titania as a support for metal oxide anodic catalysts, mainly for fuel cells. Nafion

3. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Ignatz Semmelweis (1818-1865) 1847- Childbed (Puerperal) Fever in Vienna Hospital Obstetrical Clinic “cadaverous particles”

4. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Hospital Superbugs 75% of the total 8,000 cases of hospital acquired infections (HAI) were due to the superbug MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) in Ireland. Other more virulent strains such as KPC & NDM-1 Annual cleaning bills for Irish hospitals are €68 million and the total economic burden of hospital acquired infection is over €150 million every year. The proportion of MRSA observed in Ireland is one of the highest in Europe

5. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 A familiar photocatalyst product in the market

6. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 How the titania coating in Pilkington glass works as a superhydrophilic coating?

7. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Visible light active titania Visible light active TiO 2 E BG < 3.2eV R. Asahi, T. Morikawa, T. Ohwaki, K. Aoki, Y. Taga, Science. 2001, 293, 269. Conventional TiO 2 E BG = 3.2eV

8. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 First N-doped Titania (TiO 2 ) Asahi (2001) TiO 2-x N x prepared by sputtering with N 2 and annealing in N 2 atmosphere at 550 o C Mixture of anatase and rutile Yellow transparent films

9. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Doping with non-metal ions Fluorine (In collaboration with JM Kelly and I Gun’ko, TCD) Chem. Mater., 19 (18), 2007, 4474-4481. Nitrogen J. Phys. Chem. C, 111(4), 2007, 1605–1611. Sulphur J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (20), 2008, 44–7652. Nitrogen and Sulphur J. Phys. Chem. C, 113,(8),2009, 3246-3253. Nitrogen doped heterojunctions Chem. Mater., 22, 2010, 3843–3853

10. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Challenge: Anatase to Rutile Transformation Challenge: Anatase to Rutile Transformation 600 to 700 C in pure titania Photocatalytic Phase Rutile (Corner shared) 600- 700 C Anatase (Edge shared) Non-Photocatalytic Phase

11. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 How a delayed phase transition happens

12. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Effect of S- doping J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (20), 2008, 44–7652.

13. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Sunlight Driven Photocatalysis- 850 O C calcined samples (a) Control sample 210 minutes (b) S-doped sample 35 minutes J. Phys. Chem. C, 112 (20), 2008, 44–7652.

14. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Mechanism of doping

15. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 A Photocatalytic Tile? High temperature stable anatase phase (above 1000 O C) Visible light activity by doping A stable anatase phase up to the sintering temperature of the ceramic substrates is most desirable for applications on anti-bacterial ceramic materials (e.g. bathroom tile, sanitary ware etc.).

16. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Anti-bacterial Ceramic Tiles- Challenges High Sintering temperature (above 1000 O C). Photocatalytic phase anatase change to rutile at 600 O to 700 O C High temperature stability and visible light activity are requisite

17. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Examples of RADICAL’s anti-bacterials Photocatalyst products

18. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Turkish Trials

19. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Anti-bacterial Tiles

20. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Anti-MRSA High Tc Tiles ab Anti-MRSA test of titania samples (a) control (b) CREST TiO 2

21. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 VitrA photocatalytic wall tiles External Antimicrobial Testing against E. coli; Airmid healthgroup, using ISO 27447: 2009 Conclusion The presence of visible light killed all the E. coli on VitrA photoactive ceramic tile (Sample A1) A normal tile showed no change in antibacterial count (Too Numerous To Count, TNTC)

22. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Conclusions Conclusions A novel industrial viable technology has been developed to prepare visible light active titania. A high temperature stable photo-active titania has been developed Anti-MRSA ceramic tiles have been produced Industrial pilot plant operation has been successfully carried out.

23. Rev. No: CIssue Date: 08/06/2010Owner: B. Duffy Institute of Chemistry of Ireland – Annual Congress Friday, 27th May 2011 Enterprise Ireland ARE programme 10/22/2015 Dr Suresh Pillai Dr John Colreavy Dr Hugh Hayden Mr Darragh Ryan Dr Pradeepan Periyat Dr Michael Seery