1. CP Biology Unit 1: The Nature of Life
Chapter 1: Characteristics of Life

2. All living things share the same traits of life Big Idea #1
1. Made of one or more cells a. cell – basic unit of life b. unicellular organisms – bacteria, amoeba, etc. c. multicellular organisms – cells specialize

3. Unicelled organisms

4. 2. Have DNA molecule carries instructions for all life functions
Heredity – cells copy DNA and pass it to offspring
“Universal” code – same for all organisms
A C T G = letters in DNA code

5. Combining DNA from two organisms
Examples – human insulin
drought resistance
GM (genetically modified) foods

6. Genetically Modified Corn
Bacteria – toxin kills worm
Gene for toxin put into corn
Worm eats corn gene makes toxin  toxin kills worm
Why not hurt humans? Concentration too small

7. DNA is unique to an individual
DNA “fingerprint”
- a pattern of stripes/bands
- different for everyone
- depends on order of ACTG

8. 3. Obtain and Use Energy a. Food – for energy and raw materials
b. Producers – use sunlight to make food
c. Consumers – find food in environment

9. 4. Exchange with the Environment Big Idea #2
Materials cycle
Living things take in light, food, water, air
- For energy, materials for growth and repair
Remove wastes, die, decompose
All forms of life depend on each other and on physical environment
Biotic and abiotic

10. Chemicals CYCLE Energy does NOT cycle Environment  producers
 consumers
 decomposers
 back to environment
Energy does NOT cycle
Sun  producers  other organisms. Energy is used to sustain life, some lost as heat.

11. a. Grow – increase in size
5. Grow and Develop
a. Grow – increase in size
Organisms have characteristic size and shape
New cells start small, get bigger - to a point:
Cells reach maximum size, then divide in two
For organism to grow bigger – make more cells

12. b. Develop – change while maturing
Multicelled begin as a single cell
Cells copy and specialize (differentiate)
Form many different kinds of cells
Organisms change as they grow older
Egg  embryo  young  adult

13. Bones grow longer with maturity

14. Stem Cells Can become different kinds of cells
Depends on organism’s need, chemical signals from their environment

15. Big Idea #3 Simple-to-Complex
6. Are organized
Big Idea #3 Simple-to-Complex
Cells and organisms – different parts do specific functions

16. Levels of Organization in Multicelled
a. Cells - made of molecules, made of different kinds of atoms
b. Cells differentiate  specialized cells
c. Different kinds of cells form tissues
Different kinds of tissues form organs
Organs work together to form organ systems
Body systems work together to keep the entire organism alive.

17. Skin Tissue
Many kinds of cells work together

18. Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organism
Cells: muscle, blood,
lining, gland
Tissues: muscle, blood, linings, glands
Organs: mouth, throat, stomach, intestine
Organ system: digestive

19. Organization in the Environment
Organism – individual living thing, makes up a: Population – group of one species living in an area. These make up a: Community – collection of living things in a particular area. These make up an: Ecosystem - collection of living and nonliving things in a particular area. All these make up the: Biosphere – layer on earth that supports life

20. Make new cells or new organism
7. Reproduce
Make new cells or new organism
New cells – for growth, repair
New organism – continues the species

21. Reproduce By cell division Asexual – one parent - identical offspring
Sexual – two parents
- offspring gets genes
from both parents
- must be same species

22. Is mule a species?
Species – look similar and can interbreed to form fertile offspring
Mule Parents – horse and donkey
Hybrid - offspring from two
closely-related species
- cannot reproduce
 NOT a species

23. 8. Respond to environment
a. Stimulus - causes a reaction
b. Response - reaction to a stimulus
c. Internal or external stimuli
d. Must keep homeostasis (constant
internal conditions)

24. 9. Evolve Big Idea #4
Species can slowly change over time to better fit an environment
Individual organisms DO NOT evolve
Earliest life 3.5 billion years ago

25. 1.Evolution - Unifying Theory in Biology
Common Origin a. all organisms descended from ancient early life forms b. changed over time into many different kinds c. modern organisms – many different kinds but show similarities in life processes, molecules, DNA

26. 2. Unity and Diversity Life is unified – by evolution
- all living things do same life functions
- same chemical make-up and processes
 shared ancestor
Living things are diverse – by evolution
- special features for different environments

27. 3. Structure and Function
“Form follows function”
Features evolve to perform a function better
Different environments need different kinds of adaptations

28. Are viruses alive? NOT part of living kingdoms
LACK MOST traits of life, have only 3:
Have DNA and protein
Organized, recognizable size and shape
Can evolve
BETWEEN living and nonliving

29. Big Ideas in Biology All life forms share common traits
– DNA, made of cells, do same life traits
Living things interact with each other and with the environment (food chain, cycling)
Life proceeds from simple to complex
- levels of organization in organism, in environment
Evolution explains unity and diversity
a. Unity - All life forms share common traits
- cells, DNA, life functions
b. Diversity - Life evolves to suit its environment
– form and function

30. Life Processes How do living things stay alive?
All life processes work to maintain homeostasis
Metabolism – all the chemical processes
an organism performs

31. Maintain Homeostasis Consistent, stable internal conditions
External changes
Temperature, light, sound, motion
Internal changes
pH, salt, water, ions, nutrients, wastes
Cells/organisms respond to changes
Must restore balance quickly to survive

32. 1. Cellular Respiration Break down food molecules for energy
NOT digestion, NOT “breathing”
Aerobic or anaerobic

33. Autotrophs (producers)
2. Nutrition
Get or make food; process it for cells to use
Nutrients – for energy, raw materials
Autotrophs (producers)
a. Make their own food
b. Photosynthesis
c. Base for all food chains
d. Plants, algae, some bacteria

34. Autotrophs make food for other organisms
Plants make food from small compounds in the environment.
Use sunlight energy
Autotrophs make food for other organisms

35. 2. Heterotrophs (consumers)
a. Take in food from environment
b. Digest – break large molecules down
3. Saprobes (decomposers)
a. break down wastes, dead organisms
b. recycle nutrient molecules

36. Digestive System
Breaks down food into molecules small enough to enter cells
Nutrients and water absorbed by cells
Liver, pancreas, and others make enzymes

37. 3. Transport Move materials in a cell or organism Cross cell membranes
Spread throughout cell
Deliver needed materials, remove wastes
Multicellular – need way to transport throughout organism

38. Animals have a circulatory system
- heart, blood vessels
Plants have transport tissue (veins)

39. Remove chemical wastes
4. Excretion
Remove chemical wastes
Out of cell or organism  environment
Wastes are toxic
Animals have excretory system
Kidneys, skin, lungs
Plants have pores in leaves, stems

40. Excretory System in Humans
Kidneys – filter blood
Liver – detoxify wastes
Lungs – exhale CO2
Skin - sweat

41. Make any needed substance
5. Synthesis
Make any needed substance
Use molecules from food or environment
Use energy from cellular respiration
Example: make muscle tissue from protein

42. 6. Reproduction
Continue the species by making new organisms

43. 7. Grow and Develop
Increase in size and mature

44. Control rate and kinds of chemical reactions
8. Regulation
Control rate and kinds of chemical reactions
Respond to stimuli
Keep homeostasis
Unicelled, Plants – chemical messages
Animals – nerves and chemicals

45. Nervous system Endocrine system Electric signals along nerves
Fast but short-live
Endocrine system
Hormones sent into blood stream
Cause response only in specific tissue
Slower, but last longer
Example: adrenaline, growth hormone

46. The Process of Science Evidence: can be observed or measured
1. Discovery science
- tries to describe nature
2. Experimental science
- tries to explain nature
- hypothesis – possible answer/ solution
- can be tested
Question  hypothesis  data  confirmation

47. Independent or Dependent?
Variables – affect outcome
Controlled Experiment – change ONE variable
Independent variable – the one you change
“Manipulated”
Dependent variable – depends on the independent variable
“Responding”