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LEARNING. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning: learning that two events.

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Presentation on theme: "LEARNING. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning: learning that two events."— Presentation transcript:

1 LEARNING

2 Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning: learning that two events happen together (Example: A bell rings, it is time to eat) Operant conditioning: learning to associate a response (our behavior) in turn for positive/negative consequences (Example: Dog sits in order to receive a treat)

3 PAVLOV Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) did several experiments in which classical conditioning or the linking of two events take place. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI

4 SKINNER B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) did experiments following the law of effect where rewarded behavior is likely to recur. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUwCgFSb6Nk

5 REINFORCEMENTS Positive reinforcement: increasing behaviors by the use of a positive stimuli such as food. It is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative reinforcement: increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. It is something removed after a response therefore it is not punishment.

6 PUNISHMENT An event that decreases the behavior that it follows Positive punishment: Administers an aversive stimulus (Examples: spanking, a parking ticket) Negative punishments: Withdraws a desirable stimulus (Examples: time-out from privileges, revoking of a drivers license.

7 MOTIVATION Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Intrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake Extrinsic Motivation: a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

8 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING Learning by observing others Modeling: the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Bandura’s Experiments: Albert Bandura is famous as being the pioneer researcher for observational learning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg

9 Bystander Effect: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIvGIwLcIuw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylZHJG1tt-U

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