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Challenges and Changes in the Movement
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African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation De jure segregation Segregation by law De facto segregation Segregation by practice and custom Harder to fight Requires change of racist attitudes, not laws
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Urban Violence Erupts July 1964 – Harlem riot
Response to death of 15-yr old African American student
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Watts Riots Aug. 11, 1965 – LAPD arrest Marquette Frye for drunk driving Crowd gathered around scene Threw rocks at officer Frye, his brother Ronald and their mother arrested Crowd became agitated and became violent
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Riots last 6 days 34 killed $30 million in property damaged
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1967 – riots in 100 cities Causes
Need for economic equality of opportunity in jobs, housing, education War in Vietnam
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New Leaders Voice Discontent
African American Solidarity Malcolm X Studied Elijah Muhammad Member of Nation of Islam Becomes minister in 1952 Favored by Elijah Muhammad
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Preached views of Muhammad
Whites were cause of black suffering Blacks should separate from white society Armed self-defense “White Devil” Helped convert Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali
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Gains Publicity Effects
Call for armed self-defense frightens whites and moderate African Americans Attention for Malcolm X caused resentment within Nation of Islam
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Ballots or Bullets? March 1964 – Malcolm X breaks from Nation of Islam
Makes pilgrimage to Mecca – holy city of Islam Learns orthodox Islam preached equality of all races Worshiped alongside people from many countries Radically changed Malcolm’s thinking Maintained hatred of racism and injustice
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“Any Negro who teaches other Negroes to turn the other cheek is disarming the Negro…of his natural right to defend himself. Now you’re facing a situation when the young Negro’s coming up. They don’t want to hear that ‘turn –the-other-cheek stuff, no…There’s new thinking coming in. There’s new strategy coming in…It’ll be ballots, or it’ll be bullets. It’ll be liberty, or it will be death.
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Malcolm X fears for life
Ballots or Bullets becomes motto If people don’t vote, then they will be forced to fight Voting should be tried Malcolm X fears for life Feb 21, 1965 – assassinated
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Black Power June 6, 1966 James Meredith shot during “march against fear” 220 miles from Tennessee to Jackson, MS March carried on by leaders of civil rights groups SCLC – MLK CORE – Floyd McKissick SNCC – Stokely Carmichael SNCC and CORE more militant than SCLC
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Carmichael arrested in Greenwood, MS
Marchers protest arrest Carmichael speaks – “Black Power”
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Black Power Call for black people to define their own goals
Lead own organizations Urged SNCC not to recruit whites Tommy Smith and John Carlos 1968 Mexico City Olympics Stripped of their medals
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Black Panther Party Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Oakland 1966
Political party organized to fight police brutality in ghettos Advocated taking control of communities in which African Americans lived Wore all black Carried guns
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Ten Point Program Full Employment Decent Housing
Decent Education that teaches Black History Immediate End to Police Brutality Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice, Peace and People’s Community Control
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1968 – Turning Point in Civil Rights
Dr. King’s Death April 3, 1968 – gives “Mountaintop speech” April 4 – assassinated by James Earl Ray Memphis, Tennessee
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Reactions RFK calls for nonviolence Wants to prevent riots
Rage leads to rioting 125 cities
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Legacy of Civil Rights Movement
Kerner Commission March 2, 1968 Identified white racism as main cause of urban violence Called for nation to create new jobs, housing End de facto segregation
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Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Act of 1968
Banned discrimination in housing Increased African American pride in racial identity Political gains 1970 – 2/3 of eligible voters registered
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Inspires other groups to gain rights
Unfinished work Challenges for movement changed Housing and job discrimination Educational inequality Poverty and racism Require change in attitudes and behavior Whites resist changes Inspires other groups to gain rights
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