1. The Civil Rights Movement
The movement by African-Americans to secure their civil rights.

2. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) means circle of brothers
Formed by a 6 Confederate Army veterans on Dec. 24, 1865 in Pulaski, TN
Originally against black and white Republicans
Used terrorism and violence to enforce the reign of white supremacy 1865-present
1 of several terrorist organizations which also included Knights of the White Camelia (LA) and Southern Cross (NO)

4. Wore white robes and hoods and usually rode at night cover their identities
Between , more than 2,000 blacks were lynched
1915: reorganized to include anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, prohibitionist and anti-Semitic agenda- started the burning of crosses as a form of intimidation
s: added bombing as a form of intimidation

6. Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws mainly applied by the Southern states from
mandated de jure racial in all public facilities (separation of whites and blacks) and military

7. Plessy vs Ferguson 1892-1896 Homer Plesssy: 7/8 caucasian & 1/8 black
Challenged LA law which provided separate rail cars for whites and blacks
Found guilty of breaking the law
Appealed to the Supreme Court arguing that LA law denied him “equal protection of the law” which violated 14th Amendment

8. Supreme Court rejected Plessy’s argument
Supreme Court ruled that segregation laws did not infringe on the 14th Amendment if the facilities for blacks were equal to those of the whites
Established the “separate but equal” doctrine

10. Separate schools, colleges, restrooms, water fountains, railroad cars
Examples: Grammar vs Rosenwald schools
LSU and Southern Universities
Segregated theaters, buses, restaurants
Segregated military until 1948:ended by President Truman

11. Organizations
Citizens’ Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law (1891)- a group of prominent New Orleans Creole men (Plessy case)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) (1909)-worked mainly through the courts to challenge laws and customs that denied blacks their Constitutional rights

12. National Urban League (1910) aided blacks in finding jobs and improving opportunities to get ahead
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (1942) started by a group of interracial students sought to change racist attitudes using nonviolent resistance through freedom rides and sit-ins
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (1957) coordinated nonviolent direct action to end segregation through civil disobedience in the form of boycotts and marches- Dr. King was leader until assassinated in 1968
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (1960) college students that started the lunch counter sit-ins and started the voter registration drives in the rural south

13. Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
Brown combined several school segregation cases together- named after the lead plaintiff in the Kansas case
Brown was represented by Thurgood Marshall (NAACP) (later became the 1st black Supreme Court justice)
Linda Brown, age 7, sued over
policy of racial segregation in
Topeka, Kansas

14. Contended that the separate facilities were not equal
-black schools often overcrowded and lacked much of the equipment that white schools had
Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of Brown
-ruled “that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” had no place and separate educational facilities were inherently unequal”

15. Public schools were to be desegregated with “deliberate speed”
Case suggested that all segregation laws were unconstitutional as they violated the 14th Amendments principle of equal protection of the law although it did not end segregation in American schools or in American life

16. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
One of the main leaders of the movement
Baptist Minister
Helped found and was first
president of SCLC
Advocated nonviolent means
following the teachings of Gandhi
Lead the 1955 Montgomery Bus
Boycott and 1963 March on Washington

17. “I Have A Dream” speech where he expressed for American values to include the vision
of a color blind society
Youngest person to receive the
Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
Prior to his death, he was advocating on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War
Assassinated April 4, 1968 in
Memphis , TN by
James Earl Ray

18. The time is always right to do what is right.
Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into a friend.

19. Landmark Legislation Civil Rights Act 1957 Equal Pay Act 1963
Twenty-fourth Amendment 1964
Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
Open Housing Act 1968
Equal Employment Opportunity Act 1972

20. Affirmative Action Began in the 1970s by the Federal Government
Programs to make up for past discrimination
-encourage the hiring and promoting of minorities and women that were traditionally held by men
-college admissions
Gratz vs Bollinger (2003)

21. Challenges Today Reverse discrimination
Workplace discrimination- 75,000+ complaints lodge with the federal gov’t each year
Racial profiling
Hate Crimes- acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or disability