1. Starry Monday at Otterbein Astronomy Lecture Series -every first Monday of the month- May 5, 2008 Dr. Uwe Trittmann Welcome to

2. Today’s Topics How to find Life in the Universe The Night Sky in May

3. On the Web To learn more about astronomy and physics at Otterbein, please visit –http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/weitkamp.a sp (Observatory)http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/weitkamp.a sp –http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/ (Physics Dept.)http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/

4. How to find Life in the Universe What is Life? How to detect Life? Where to look for Life? Life vs. Intelligent Life

5. What is Life? Has a metabolism Uses energy Reacts to changes in the environment Reproduces …  Transforms its environment  Changes to environment hopefully observable

6. What kind of Life? Focusing on carbon – liquid water based life –Carbon as a chemically unique element –(Liquid) Water as a powerful solvent and reactant Assuming lower life-forms, we cannot expect life to actively produce signals Look for life on the surface of a rocky planet

7. Water Phase diagram of water dictates temperature and pressure range for liquid +123º C: life on Earth exists -18º C: life on Earth exists Minimal pressure: 610 Pa

8. Where to look for Life? Where you can find (detect) it ;-) If carbon-liquid water based life exists on the surface of a planet –Planet must have atmosphere for liquid water to exist –Planet must receive enough energy from host star to liquify water  Planet must be in the habitable zone (HZ) of its host star

9. Definition of “Habitable Zone” Region around a star where stellar radiation maintains liquid water over a substantial part of the surface of a rocky planet Note: planet must be big enough to hold on to its atmosphere, and possibly replenish it through outgassings from its interior.

10. Extend of HZ depends on time Sun gets brighter as it ages Planets orbits change over time Planets rotational axis inclination changes Early Solar system: –Venus, Earth in HZ, Mars partially Now: –Earth, Mars in HZ

11. Temperature, pressure too low  go to interior of planets/moons –Earth: 5km under surface liquid water can exist Tidal heating: gravitational distortions will heat interior of (soft) moons –Io  Volcanism driven by Jupiter –Europa  liquid water under ice? Saturn’s Titan –Methane/Nitrogen based geology/climate at -180°C Habitats beyond the HZ Not on surface of Planet  Hard to detect!

12. Greenhouse Effect affects Climate Earth absorbs energy from the Sun and heats up Earth re-radiates the absorbed energy in the form of infrared radiation The infrared radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere  Typically happens and stabilizes climate on planet harboring life  Good, because life takes at least a billion years to develop/ have effects on planet

13. The biggest effect life had on Earth Shakespeare? Building the Great Wall of China? Explosion of the Hiroshima bomb?  Transforming Carbondioxide into Oxygen! (Zero oxygen 3 billion years ago, now 21%)

14. Chances of detecting Life How far away is the nearest Earth-like planet?  19 ly (if 3% of stars have ELPs) Is it habitable? –Atmosphere –Rocky –Carbon/Water available –shielded from heavy bombardment

15. How to detect Life Life produces oxygen, methane Can detect ozone (made from O 2 ), Methane via its characteristic infrared radiation Plants use photosynthesis: chlorophyll rejects colors not utilized (utilizes visible frequencies)  IR red-edge TV & Radio signals  1992: Galileo spacecraft detects life on Earth (and not on the Moon)!

16. (Very) Intelligent Life Looking for extra- terrestrial intelligence, we can relax our assumptions (neither carbon nor water- base necessary) We are looking for signals of civilizations rather than signs of life

17. Detecting Extraterrestrial Intelligence Detect radiation traveling from them to us detect their spacecraft/artifacts/them in our solar system Detect features of their planet/solar system revealing technological modifications

18. Classification of Civilizations Type I: uses energy sources of their planet including solar radiation arriving at their planet (us!) Type II: uses a large part of the total radiation of their sun (shows up as reddening of the star’s spectrum) Type III: uses a large part of the energy production of their galaxy (might rearrange galaxy)

19. Galactic Exploration John von Neumann: build self-replicating space probe that builds many replicas of itself once it finds suitable conditions, send them on their way –Can colonize galaxy in only 100 million years (less than 1% of lifespan) O’Neill colonies

20. Fermi Paradox If ETI exists it must be widespread If it’s widespread, why aren’t they among us? ETI must have had plenty time to occur Maybe they do not exist Maybe we didn’t look hard/long enough? Maybe they are among us?

21. Signals Probably electromagnetic waves –Easy to generate –not exceedingly absorbed by interstellar medium, planetary atmospheres –Information can be imprinted on them with minimal energy cost Travels fast (but not fast enough?!) We are detectable since 12. December 1901

22. Green Bank (or Drake) Equation Estimated number of technological civilizations present in the Milky Way galaxy is given by the average rate of star formation  fraction of stars having planetary systems  average number of planets within the habitable zone for various types of star and star system  fraction of habitable planets that develop life  fraction of life-bearing planets on which intelligence appears  fraction of intelligent life forms that develop technology  average lifetime of a technological civilization Could be 100 to 1 billion (?)

23. Illustration of Drake Equation

24. Time is of the Essence A lot of things can go wrong in “cosmic instances” like a few thousand years It is “guesstimated” that a technological civilization might last about 3000 years

25. Extinction of the Dinosaurs Possibly caused by impact of a large meteorite –Large amount of dust thrown into atmosphere, causing global cooling, disruption of the food chain –Evidence: Iridium layer found in fossil record at about time of extinction of dinosaurs Large numbers of species become extinct at about the same time Crater in Yucatan may be “the one” Are extinctions periodic?

26. SETI If average lifetime is 1 million years, then the average distance between civilizations in the galaxy is 150 ly –Thus 300 years for messages to go back and forth Communications via radio signal –Earth has been broadcasting in RF range for most of this century –Earth is brighter than the Sun in radio –18–21 cm wavelength range good for interstellar communication SETI search is ongoing –SETI@Home: http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu If they exist, should we contact them?

27. SETI with Radio Telescopes Radio frequencies are used because –Civilizations are likely to use these frequencies –We can observe them from the ground Biggest radio telescope is in Arecibo, Puerto Rico

28. CETI – Talking to Aliens How can we communicate? –Put up a big sign (?!) –Send a (radio) signal –Send a space probe with a message Should we try to communicate?

29. Our Messages to the Aliens Golden plate with essential info on humans On board Pioneer 10 space probe Started in the 70’s past solar system

30. Our EM Message to the Aliens In 1974 sent radio signal from Arecibo to globular cluster M13 (300,000 stars, 21,000ly away) Brighter than the Sun “The signal, transmitted at 2380 megahertz with a duration of 169 seconds, delivered an effective power of 3 trillion watts, the strongest man-made signal ever sent.”

31. The Night Sky in May Nights shorter and EDT => later observing! Spring constellations are up: Cancer, Leo, Big Dipper Mars, Saturn dominate early evening, Jupiter early morning.

32. Moon Phases Today: New Moon 5 / 11 (First quarter Moon) 5 / 19 (Full Moon) 5 / 27 (Last Quarter Moon) 6 / 3 (New Moon)

33. Today at Noon Sun at meridian, i.e. exactly south

34. 10 PM Typical observing hour, early May Saturn Mars

35. Zenith Big Dipper points to the north pole

36. South Saturn near Praesepe (M44), an open star cluster Oops, that was last year! Now Saturn is here!

37. South Spring constellations: –Leo –Hydra –Crater –Sextans

38. East Canes Venatici: –M51 Coma- Virgo Cluster Globular Star Clusters –M3, M5

39. East Virgo and Coma with the Virgo-Coma galaxy cluster

40. Virgo- Coma Cluster Lots of galaxies within a few degrees

41. M87, M88 and M91

42. East –Hercules –Corona Borealis –Bootes Globular Star Clusters: M 3 M 13 M 92

43. M13: Globular Cluster These guys will know of our existance in 21,000 years!

44. Mark your Calendars! Next Starry Monday: June 2, 2008, 8 pm (this is a Monday ) Observing at Prairie Oaks Metro Park: –Friday, May 9, 2008, 9:00 pm Web pages: –http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/weitkamp.asp (Obs.)http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/weitkamp.asp –http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/ (Physics Dept.)http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/