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Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 11 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 11
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Key Concepts Human land use Types and uses of US public lands Forests and forest management Implications of deforestation Management of parks Establishment and management of nature preserves Importance of ecological restoration
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Section 1
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Factors Increasing Biodiversity Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 195 Moderate environmental disturbance Middle stage of succession Small changes in environmental conditions Physically diverse habitat Evolution
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Factors Decreasing Biodiversity Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 195 Large environmental disturbance Extreme environmental conditions Intense environmental stress Severe shortages of resources Nonnative species introduction Geographic isolation
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Human Activities and Biodiversity Fig. 11-3 p. 195
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Importance of Biodiversity Intrinsic value Instrumental value Existence value Aesthetic value Bequest value
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Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity Fig. 11-5 p. 197
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Section 2
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Conservation Biology Multidisciplinary science Emergency response Identify “hot spots” Based on Leopold’s ethics Rapid Assessment Teams
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Section 3
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Types of US Public Lands Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System
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US Public Lands Fig. 11-6 p. 198
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Managing US Public Land Biodiversity and ecological function No subsidies or tax breaks for use Public should get fair compensation Users held responsible for actions
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Section 4
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Types of Forests Old-growth (frontier) forests Second-growth forests Tree farms/plantation
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Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests Food webs and energy flow Protect soils from erosion Local and regional climate Numerous habitats and niches Air purification Refer to Fig. 11-7 p. 200
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Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests Fuelwood Lumber Paper Livestock grazing Mineral extraction and recreation Refer to Fig. 11-7 p. 200
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Forest Management Even-aged management Uneven-aged management Improved diversity Sustainable production Multiple-use Rotation cycle
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Management Strategies: Rotation Cycles Fig. 11-8 p. 201
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Roads Lead to Forest Degradation Increased erosion and runoff Habitat fragmentation Pathways for exotic species Accessibility to humans Fig. 11-9 p. 201
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Harvesting Trees Selective cutting High-grading Shelterwood cutting Seed-tree cutting Clear-cutting Strip cutting Fig. 11-10e p. 202
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Sustainable Forestry Longer rotations Selective or strip cutting Minimize fragmentation Improved road building techniques Certify sustainable grown (See Solutions, Fig. 11-13 p. 205)
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Section 5
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Insect and Pathogen Threats to U.S. Forests Pine shoot beetle Beech bark disease Sudden oak death White pine blister rust Hemlock woolly adelgid See Fig. 11-14 p. 207
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Fire Surface fires Crown fires Fig. 11-15 p. 208
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Logging in U.S. National Forests Provides local jobs Hinders recreation income Provides only 3% of timber Increases environmental damage Increases environmental damage Fig. 11-16 p. 210
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Section 6
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Tropical Deforestation: Consequences Rapid and increasing Loss of biodiversity Loss of resources (e.g., medicines) Contributes to global warming
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Tropical Deforestation: Causes Fig. 11-18 p. 212
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Reducing Tropical Deforestation Reducing poverty and population growth Sustainable tropical agriculture Encourage protection of large tracts Debt-for-nature swaps Reduce illegal cutting Refer to Fig. 11-19 p. 213
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Section 7
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Managing and Sustaining National Parks Inadequate protection Often too small to sustain biodiversity Too many human visitors Traffic jams and air pollution Better pay for park staff Invasions by nonnative species Also refer to Fig. 11-29 p. 215
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Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves Include moderate to large tracts of land Involve government, private sector and citizens Protect most important areas (“hot spots”) Biosphere reserves Adaptive ecosystem management Wilderness areas
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Section 8
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Ecological Restoration Restoration Rehabilitation Replacement Creating artificial ecosystems See Individuals Matter p. 214 Remediation
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Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles Mimic nature Recreate lost niches Control nonnative species Reconnect small patches Rely on pioneer species
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