1. Chapter 33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
The HUMAN BODY
Chapter 33
Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

2. Chapter 33.1 Circulatory System
Objectives
Identify the function of the circulatory system
Describe structure of heart and explain how it pumps blood through the body
Name three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system

3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Function:
Using blood and blood vessels, this system delivers nutrients and oxygen for body cells and carries away Carbon Dioxide and other wastes
It is this system that allows us to be multicellular
single celled organisms or organisms with few cells – cells in direct contact with environment and can easily transport nutrients/wastes by diffusion.
This is like the transportation system of an organism
We have a closed circulatory system – blood is contained in a system of vessels
Human circulatory system made up of: heart, blood vessels, and blood

4. Components of system Heart 4 chambers: 2 atria (upper)- receives blood
2 ventricles (lower)- pumps blood
-Separated by atrioventricular (A-V) valves
-Right and Left sides separated by the septum
Heart is located near center of chest
made almost entirely of muscle
about the size of your fist
contracts an average of 72 times per minute
Structure
4 chambers – 2 atria and 2 ventricles
valves – keep blood flowing in one direction (don’t allow blood to back up) – ensure a “one way” street in the transportation system
so important that doctors will attempt to repair/replace them if they are damaged

5. Components cont’d Blood Vessels
Veins- carry blood to the heart (some have valves)
Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries- small vessels that connect veins/arteries
*(where nutrients/wastes pass in/out of blood stream)
Veins =
carry blood to the heart
large veins (such as ones in legs) contain valves to prevent blood from backing up
Arteries = superhighways of the transportation system
carry blood away from heart
all (except pulmonary arteries) carry oxygenated blood
Thick walls
Capillaries = side streets and alleys of transportation system
smallest of blood vessels
connect arteries and veins
so narrow that blood cells must pass through single file
it is here that the nutrients and oxygen get to the cells and carbon dioxide and other wastes are picked up to be taken away

6. Blood Vessels

7. Paths of Circulation Pulmonary Circulation Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Lungs (picks up O2 and drops off CO2)
Left Atrium
Pulmonary circulation – R heart to lungs to L heart
purpose: to get rid of CO2 (waste product) and pick up O2 (needed by cells of body)

8. Paths of Circulation Systemic Circulation Left Atrium Left Ventricle
Aorta
Body (drops off O2 and picks up CO2)
Right Atrium
Systemic circulation – L heart to body to R heart
purpose: take O2 to cells of body and pick up CO2 (waste product)
blood leaves heart through the aorta (largest artery in the body)
Teach them the cheerleading moves
Right, right, lungs
left, left, aorta, body

9. Blood Pressure Force exerted on blood vessels walls by blood
Normal: below 120/80
Too high  stroke or heart attack
Blood pressure – force exerted on the blood vessel walls by the blood
too high – can cause blood vessel walls to weaken and break (happens in brain – stroke)
also enlarges the heart (b/c it must pump against increased resistance) which can lead to coronary heart disease / heart attack
Measured with sphygmomanometer (sfig moh muh NAHM uh tur)
inflated until blood flow through artery is blocked
pressure released and doctor listens for pulse with stethoscope and records number from meter (systolic pressure or force in arteries when ventricle contracts)
when pulse sound disappears, number recorded (diastolic pressure or force when ventricle relaxed)

10. Check-in Heart chambers that receives blood
Atria
Heart chambers that pumps blood
Ventricles
Right and left sides of heart separated by
Septum
Atria and ventricles separated by
Atrioventricular (A-V) valves

11. Check-in Type of vessel where nutrients pass in/out
Capillaries
Type of vessel that carries blood to heart
Vein
Vessel that carries blood away from heart
Artery
Pressure that blood exerts on vessel walls
Blood pressure

12. Check-in Describe pulmonary circulation Describe systemic circulation
R heart to lungs to L heart
Describe systemic circulation
L heart to body to R heart
Which side of the heart has oxygenated blood?
Left side

13. Chapter 33.2 Blood and Lymphatic System
Objectives
Explain functions of blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Describe the role of the lymphatic system
At end of lesson, have students respond in writing to the following prompt:
You are a RBC. Describe your journey through the circulatory system, starting in the R atrium. Describe what you see along the way and include what you pick up / drop off as you travel. Be sure to end up back in the R atrium.

14. Blood Components Blood has 4 components: Plasma- liquid portion
Red Blood Cells (RBC)- carries oxygen to cells using hemoglobin
White Blood Cells (WBC)- defend body against germs
Platelets- cell fragments used to clot blood
Humans have 4-6 L of blood in their bodies
Plasma – straw colored liquid portion (55% of blood volume)
90% water and 10% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and proteins called plasma proteins
Red Blood Cells (RBC) – 45% of blood volume
most numerous cells in the blood
job – transport oxygen to cells using hemoglobin
hemoglobin – iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen in lungs and transports it to the tissues
shaped like disks with hollowed out center; produced by red bone marrow; mature RBC have no nuclei
live about 120 days and are then destroyed in liver and spleen
White Blood Cells (WBC) - <1% of blood volume
much less common than RBC (about 1000 RBC for every 1 WBC)
job – army of the circulatory system (defend body against germs)
also produced by red bone marrow; have nuclei and can live for days, months, even years
many different types of WBC; can travel outside of blood vessels to attach invading organisms in tissues of body
Platelets - <1% of blood volume
fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in cell membrane; produced when large cells in bone marrow break into 1000s of pieces
when contact broken edge of blood vessel, edges become sticky and a cluster of platelets forms around wound
platelets release clotting factors which results in series of chemical rxns that results in sticky mesh of fibrin filaments that help form clot

15. What blood component? Carries nutrients Fights infections Clots blood
Carries oxygen
Contains hemoglobin
Is the liquid portion
Makes up most of the cells of blood
Plasma
WBC
Platelets
RBC
RBC
Plasma
RBC

16. Lymphatic System connection
Lymph (fluid) moves through a network of vessels, nodes, and organs in order to…
collect fluid lost by blood
help in nutrient absorption
aid in immune response
As blood circulates some fluid leaks from the blood into surrounding tissues
helps maintain efficient movement of nutrients and salts from blood into tissues
more than 3L of fluid leaks out each day – if not returned somehow, the body would begin to swell
Lymphatic system
- collects this fluid (called lymph) and returns it to the circulatory system
- helps in nutrient absorption by absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins from digestive tract and carrying them to blood
- lymph nodes (small bean shaped enlargements) filter out bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease
swollen glands = enlarged lymph nodes due to large #s of microorganisms trapped in lymph nodes
- spleen (part of lymphatic system) destroys damaged RBC and platelets; makes antibodies

17. Elephantaisis (Filarial lymphodema)
Caused by parasitic worms damaging tissue- lymph fluid builds up in the tissues
When lymph vessels are blocked due to damage or disease, edema results

18. Chapter 33.3 Respiratory System
Objectives
Identify the structures of the respiratory system and describe their functions
Describe gas exchange
Describe how breathing is controlled
Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory system

19. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Function: Bring Oxygen into the body
Remove Carbon Dioxide and Water
The respiratory system is so important that if you stop breathing for more than a couple minutes, there can be brain damage and even death.
Cells of our body need a constant supply of oxygen:
oxygen is used by cells in the process of breaking down food molecules to release energy
without oxygen, cells cannot get the energy (in form of ATP) that they need to make new molecules, carry nerve impulse, pump ions, etc.

20. Pathway of Air Nose- warms, moistens air Throat (pharynx)
Larynx- produces sound, contains vocal cords
Trachea- aka windpipe, carries air from throat to chest
Air moves through the nose to back of throat (pharynx)
Air is warmed and moistened to protect the delicate tissues of the lungs
Hairs in nose and cilia (tiny hairs) that line the other passageways of respiratory system help to trap dust and smoke particles to keep them out of the lungs; some cells that line the respiratory passageway also produce mucous to moisten air and trap particles as well
Pharynx serves as passageway for air and food
Air moves from pharynx into trachea (windpipe) – epiglottis covers opening to trachea when you swallow
At top of trachea is the larynx which contains the vocal cords (folds of tissue)
vocal cords are pulled together by muscles and then vibrate and produce sounds as air moves between them

21. Pathway of Air cont’d Bronchi- tubes that carry air into lungs
Bronchioles- smaller branching tubes
Alveoli- tiny air sacs in lungs where gases exchange
From larynx, air passes through trachea and into two large passageways called bronchi
each bronchi leads into one of the lungs
Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller tubes called bonchioles
Bronchioles eventually dead-end into alveoli (tiny air sacs)
Alveoli are in little clusters, like a bunch of grapes
Surrounded by capillaries; this is where gas exchange occurs

22. Connection with Circulatory System
Air enters alveoli
Alveoli covered with capillaries
Oxygen diffuses into blood and binds with hemoglobin
Carbon Dioxide, etc. diffuses out of blood
Exchange of gases occurs at the alveoli
150 million alveoli in healthy lung (provides enormous surface area for gas exchange)
Review: deoxygenated blood comes from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation
carried from R ventricle through pulmonary artery to lungs
Air enters through nose to pharynx through larynx into trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and into alveoli (with oxygen in it)
Oxygen dissolves in moisture of inner surface of alveoli and then diffuses across the thin-walled capillaries into blood
oxygen binds with the protein called hemoglobin in RBC which carries it until it reaches the cells of the body
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli
Exhale – carbon dioxide in air is released outside body
Oxygenated blood travels to pulmonary vein to L atrium, L ventricle, aorta, to body
Breathing is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood – increased CO2 causes your brain to trigger inhalation

23. How Breathing Works The DIAPHRAGM contracts and pulls down
Chest/Rib muscles pull up at same time
Chest expands
Air pressure decreases air goes in
Inhalation:
diaphragm contracts and pulls down
chest/rib muscles pull up at same time
chest expands
air pressure decreases (like a partial vacuum)  air goes in
Exhalation (usually a passive event, unless you are consciously blowing):
diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
chest/rib muscles relax
chest is compressed and air is forced out
This system works because the chest cavity is sealed. A puncture to the chest cavity can allow air to leak in and the vacuum that is created when your diaphragm and chest muscles contract does not form and you are unable to breath

24. Lung Capacity
Tidal volume: volume of air a person breathes in/out in normal relaxed breathing
Vital capacity: maximum volume a person can breathe out after breathing in fully

25. Health Hazard: Smoking!
Tobacco: Scientific Discoveries
Look for:
What three dangerous chemicals are in cigarettes?
What diseases are caused by smoking?
Dangerous chemicals in cigarettes:
Nicotine
Tar
Carbon monoxide
Diseases caused by smoking
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Cancer
Heart attack
Stroke
Poor eyesight

26. Smoking is Sexy!
Smoking brings at least three dangerous substances into your body:
nicotine – stimulant drug that increases heart rate and blood pressure
carbon monoxide – blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood; CO binds to hemoglobin much stronger than O2
tar – contains substances that have been shown to cause cancer
Cilia are paralyzed by nicotine and carbon monoxide so they cannot sweep particles or mucous out
particles stick to walls of respiratory system or enter lungs
smoke filled mucous is trapped – causes coughing
smoking also causes lining of respiratory system to swell, reducing air flow to alveoli
Diseases caused by smoking
respiratory diseases – bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer
bronchitis – swelling of bronchi; reduces air flow to alveoli; makes simple activities like climbing stairs difficult
emphysema – loss of elasticity of lung tissues; makes breathing difficult; cannot get enough oxygen or get rid of carbon dioxide easily
lung cancer - my grandfather was smoker and died of lung cancer when my mother was 18
often spreads to other parts of body by the time it is discovered
heart disease
narrows blood vessels causing blood pressure to increase and heart to work harder
Heath of any smoker (no matter how long they have smoked) can be improved by stopping, BUT
Nicotine is very addictive making it difficult to stop smoking – best solution is never to start

27. Check-in Another name for throat: Another name for voice box:
Pharynx
Another name for voice box:
Larynx
Another name for windpipe:
Trachea

28. Check-in
Flap of tissue that covers trachea to prevent choking when you swallow:
Epiglottis
What is the path of oxygen from air to alveoli?
Nose  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi  bronchioles  alveoli

29. Check-in What two muscles are involved in breathing?
Diaphragm and rib cage muscles
What protein in RBC binds with oxygen?
Hemoglobin
What three dangerous substances does smoking bring into the body?
Nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide

30. References
Drug Danger: In The Body. Colman Communications, 1992. Full Video. 20 March 2011. <