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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. INDONESIA

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1 LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. INDONESIA
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. INDONESIA. PART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS More lectures at Disasters Supercourse -  Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2 NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE CYCLONES ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE FLOODS LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

3 VOLCANOES PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” INDONESIA HAS 127 ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIATECTONIC PLATES

4 542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”

5 INDONESIA

6 INDONESIA’S VOLCANOES

7 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ON VOLCANOES

8 VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft) ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS

9 VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
LAVA FLOWS LAHARS (can bury villages) EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions)

10 LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS
CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS CASE HISTORIES LAHARS TOXIC GASES

11 GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
VOLCANO HAZARDS PEOPLE & BLDGS. VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANO RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

12 INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Lake Toba Mount Tambora Krakatau Merapi

13 INDONESIA’S NOTABLE ERUPTIONS
Lake Toba: Supervolcanic eruption 74,000 years ago that caused 6 years of volcanic winter Mount Tambora: One of the most violent eruptions in recorded history that occurred in 1815. Krakatau: Notable for its global effects in 1883

14 INDONESIA’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANES AT PRESENT
Mount Kelut Mount Merapi

15 Thousands have died in these eruptions
Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times, with the largest eruption having a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5 Thousands have died in these eruptions

16 Merapi has erupted more than 80 times
Thousands have died in these eruptions

17 SUDDEN CHANGE IN ACTIVITY Since December 26, 2004 when the M9
SUDDEN CHANGE IN ACTIVITY Since December 26, 2004 when the M9.3 Banda Ache earthquake and tsunami occurred, volcanic activity increased and some of Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes became active again.

18 ERUPTIONS OF MOUNT MERAPI
May 15, and June 6 - 8, 2006

19 MOUNT MERAPI RECEIVED CLOSE ATTENTION ON APRIL 18

20 INDONESIA’S MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED ON MAY 15, 2006
Mount Merapi, a stratovolcano, emitted lava, debris, and a pyroclastic flow (or cloud) on May 15.

21 MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION Hot ash released.

22 MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION Volcanic ash turned everything white

23 MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION School children wore masks to counter adverse health effects of breathing volcanic ash.

24 MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION Volcanic ash covered crops and vegetation.

25 MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION Volcanic ash covered automobiles and affected jet airline traffic.

26 MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED AGAIN ON JUNE 6-8, 2006
Mount Merapi volcano emitted lava, debris, and pyroclastic flows (superheated clouds of gas) on Tuesday, June 6 and Wednesday, June 7.

27 EXPLOSIVENESS OF JUNE 8 ERUPTION SENT 15,000 FLEEING

28 EVACUATION 11,000 from three districts evacuated to schools and other “safe haven” emergency shelters

29 MANY CHOSE TO EVACUATE Many citizens chose to evacuate.
Evacuation was ordered. Villagers remembered the 1994 disaster

30 MANY CHOOSE NOT TO EVACUATE
Many citizens chose not to evacuate because shelters are boring and they wanted to provide for livestock and tend crops.

31 TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES
RISK ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITY EXPOSURE EVENT POLICY ASSESSMENT COST BENEFIT CONSEQUENCES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION

32 THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES, 2) BE PREPARED 3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE 5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

33 MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.

34 AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
.

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