1. Use your knowledge acquired by watching “Swing Kids” and the information on Pgs to answer the following: 1. Why did totalitarian governments try to win the loyalty of their nation’s young people? 2. In Italy, women who had fourteen or more children were given a medal by Mussolini himself. Why were women honored for having many children?

2. Unit 6 Notes #1: The Post WWI World 1919-1939 Copy Slides with ***

3. *** WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES?– WHAT THEY GOT
France:
Reparations from Germany
Land rich in natural resources
Britain:
Control of German colonies
Control of German boats
United States:
League of Nations
New nations in Europe
Germany:
Lost 10% of land & colonies
Accept responsibility for war
Pay $5 Billion in reparations
Military disbanded

4. Europe 1919 New Countries: Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Turkey

5. *** THE UNITED STATES: OVERPRODUCTION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION
Factories:
U.S. factories producing large amounts of goods
Most people in U.S. too poor to purchase these goods
Store owners cut back orders from factories
Factories reduce production; workers fired
Farms:
Large amount of crops
Competition from foreign crops
Surplus food drives prices down
Farmers don’t make profit; cannot make loan payments
Farmers lose land to banks

7. UNEMPLOYMENT,
FDR & NEW DEAL
HITLER
STOCK MARKET CRASHES

8. *** What problems existed for post-war democracies?
Little experience with representative governments
Too many political parties
Coalition Governments didn’t work: too many disagreements
Weak gov’ts in difficult times changed for totalitarian rulers

9. *THE DAWES PLAN 1924-1930 U.S. GERMANY ALLIES (GB/FR)
$2.6 Bill War debts to be repaid; U.S. goods imported to rebuild economies
U.S. lends
$2.6 bill to Germany; spent on building up German economy
Germany uses increased tax revenues to pay $2.0 bill reparations to France
GERMANY

10. ***WHAT WAS THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC of GERMANY?
Established in 1919
No democratic tradition in Germany
Post-WWI Germany had many political parties
Many people blamed the Weimar Gov’t for the problems Treaty of Versailles

11. ***HYPER-INFLATION IN GERMANY
Wartime taxes not increased
German gov’t printed money to pay for war
German gov’t printed money to pay for war reparations forced by the Treaty of Versailles
Prices increased while the value of the currency (Mark) fell
People unable to afford basic necessities

12. The Rise of Totalitarianism
Unit 6 Notes #2
The Rise of Totalitarianism
Copy slides with ***

13. Dictatorship and one-party rule Blind obedience to leader
*** CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTALITARIANISM USSR, FASCIST ITALY, NAZI GERMANY All shared the following…
Dictatorship and one-party rule
Blind obedience to leader
State (country) more important than individual
State control of economy
Use of police spies and terror to enforce gov’t rules
Gov’t control of media: indoctrination and mobilization of citizens; spread ideology to kids
Strict censorship of artists and intellectuals

14. ***DIFFERENCES Communism: (USSR) Want international change
Classless society
Support from urban factory workers and farmers
Ideas based on Karl Marx
Fascism: Italy/Spain
Nazism:Germany
Enemies of socialists & communists!
Highly nationalist- war is good!
Class divisions
Support from business leaders, land owners, middle class
Ideas differed somewhat by country

15. ***The Political Spectrum Line or Horseshoe?

16. The Characteristics of Fascism
Unit 6: Notes #3:
The Characteristics of Fascism

17. ***What is Fascism?
“Fascism is the complete opposite of [Communism]…it combats the whole system of democracy…it denies that the majority [of the people] can direct society…For Fascism the growth of the empire and war is essential…” Benito Mussolini 1932
(you don’t need to copy this quote)
***BELIEFS OF FASCISM:
Loyalty to the state
Extreme nationalism
Peaceful states would be conquered
Uniforms and special salutes
Mass rallies
Each class has a place & function

18. ***Other Ideologies of Fascism
A form of extreme right-wing ideology.
Celebrates the nation or the race over individual happiness
Powerful and continuing nationalism.
Constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, etc.
Flags are seen everywhere.

19. Benito Mussolini “Il Duce”
***ITALIAN FASCISM
Wanted to rescue Italy from poor economy, rebuild military after WWI
“Black shirts” terrorized Communists
1922 Italian Prime Minister
Abolished democracy and all opposition; won support of middle class, aristocracy, industry leaders
Italy became the model for fascism in Spain and Germany
Benito Mussolini “Il Duce”

20. ***Subordination to the State
Nothing is more important than the State (country)
Use of organized violence to suppress opposition.
Glorification of force.
Anti-democratic.

21. ***Cult of State Worship
The individual had no significance except as a member of the state.
The fascists were taught:
Credere! [to believe]
Obbedire! [to obey]
Combattere! [to fight]

22. ***What was the Myth of Rebirth?
Emphasis on a national or racial rebirth after a period of decline or destruction (such as the Great Depression and WWI)
Seeks to purge “alien” forces and groups that threaten the “pure” community.

23. Militarism

24. Identification of Enemies or Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause
The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe.
This foe could be racial, ethnic, a religious minority, liberals, communists, etc.

25. Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights
Because of the fear of enemies and the need for security, the people are persuaded that human rights can be ignored out of “need.”
People look the other way or even approve of torture, executions, long incarcerations of prisoners, assassinations, etc.

26. The Fascists encouraged the development of large families.
The Fascist Family
The Fascists encouraged the development of large families.

27. Religion & Government Are Intertwined
Fascist governments tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion.
They meld religious rhetoric, symbolism, mythology, etc., into their policies [appears to give a religious approval for government policies!]

28. Disdain for Intellectuals & for the Arts
Open hostility to higher education and academia is promoted.
Professors and other academics are censored or arrested.
Free expression in the arts and letters is openly attacked.

29. Controlled Mass Media

30. Emphasis on Physical Fitness

31. ***Fascism in Spain
Civil war in Spain: Italy and Germany supported General Francisco Franco- Spanish Fascist
1939 Franco became dictator until 1970s
Guernica: Spanish village bombed by German planes

32. The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco

33. The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in Madrid

34. “Guernica” Pablo Picasso

35. Do Now: Kid in a Candy Store
A mother took her 5-year old son into a crowded candy store. The boy asked his mother if he could have some candy, and she said he couldn’t. So the boy cried and threw a tantrum and demanded he get some candy. Wanting to avoid a public scene, his mother bought him some candy. He ate the candy and asked his mother for more. His mother said no and he again started crying and throwing a tantrum.
What should the mother do?
Why?

36. ***Unit VI #4 The World Drifts Towards War

37. ***Adolf Hitler “The Fuhrer”
Joined National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NAZI) in 1920
Mein Kampf: set Hitler’s beliefs as later policy for Nazi party
Great Depression gave him followers; Nazis became largest political party
Nazi Party comes to power in 1933

38. NAZI PROPAGANDA
                                           
“The greater the mass of men to be reached, the lower its intellectual level must be.”
--Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf

39. Techniques
To convince the masses, Nazi’s must have a few points driven home through:
Simple slogans
Repeat them endlessly
Use of mass meetings to get people to feed off of one another; new members of the movement will feel a sense of belonging

40. “I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda
“I want to exploit film as an instrument of propaganda.” – Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
“It is possible by means of shrewd and unremitting propaganda to make people believe that heaven is hell- and hell heaven.” Hitler
“The Fuhrer above all! Above the tremendous symphony of crowds, marching columns, meetings, commemorations, marches and congresses: his words on the present- for the future.” – Leni Riefenstahl

41. PROPAGANDA
POSTERS

42. “Europe’s victory is your prosperity”

43. One People,
One Nation,
Our Fuhrer!

45. Japan Invades Manchuria

46. Japan challenged the League of Nations
1931: Japan invaded Manchuria
Set up puppet gov’t in Manchuria (controlled by Japan)
Japan withdrew from League of Nations
War between China and Japan 1937
Rape of Nanking: Japanese army executed 200,000 men, women and children as a show of force

47. ***Mussolini meets Haile Selassie
Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to expand Italian empire
Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, appeals to League of Nations for help
“It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.”

48. ***Hitler takes the Rhineland And joins with Mussolini and Japan- 1936
Occupied the former buffer zone between France and Germany
Oct. 1936: Germany and Italy alliance called Rome-Berlin Axis
Nov. 1936: Germany, Italy and Japan– Axis Powers

49. Munich Conference- Sept. 1938

50. ***1937: Hitler declares the need for Lebensraum: living space
Took Austria, 1938
Majority of Austrians supported unity w/ Germany

51. The Sudetenland

52. ***Aggression and Appeasement
Czechoslovakia Crisis
A. After WWI Czech. was created and 3.5 million ethnic Germans lived within it borders in Sudetenland
B Hitler demands the return of the Sudetenland to Germany (claimed they were being mistreated)
C. Czech. turned to France and Britain for help
1. They were not willing to go to war
D. Hitler demanded complete annexation and military occupation of the Sudetenland.

53. ***
Munich Conference
A. In Sept. 1938, Britain, France, Germany and Italy met in Munich, Germany
B. France and Britain followed a policy of appeasement- making concessions to an aggressor to preserve peace
C. Munich Pact- Hitler agreed to the proposal that he exchanged the right to occupy Sudetenland for a promise that this would be the last territorial demand in Europe. Everyone signed

54. *** Violation of the Munich Pact
A. Hitler started pressuring Czech leaders to create a new Czech government sympathetic to Germany.
B. The Czechs refused
1. Germany broke the Munich Pact and occupied Czechoslovakia, annexing it the following day.

56. ***THE TWO SIDES AXIS POWERS Germany Italy Japan
Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary joined in 1941
ALLIED FORCES
U.S.
Britain
Soviet Union
Australia
Canada
China
France