1. Identifying Criminals History
- a short one

2. Early Criminal Characteristics Ideas
How an individual’s physical characteristics were used to predict criminal behavior

3. Phrenology Proposed by Dr. Franz Gall in 1796
Said a person’s qualities & abilities are traced to a part of the brain
Thinking changed shape of the skull (bumps)
Is not true

4. Cesare Lombroso Italian psychiatrist in the mid-19th century
Studied 7000 criminals to prove criminal types could be I.D. by physical characteristics
E.g.:
Swindlers and bandits larger-than-normal heads
Thieves & highwaymen had thick hair & beards
Never proved his ideas but invented many instruments to try

5. Anthropometry “Man Measurement”
Proposed in 1883 by Alphonse Bertillon
Concluded no two human beings have the same measurements
Developed method of identifying criminals by their measurements
Bertillonage was adapted as a system of I.D. by France
Was replaced by fingerprinting
Responsible for the precursor of the “mug-shot”

6. Fingerprinting History

7. William Herschel Administrative clerk in India
Used fingerprints to ID claimants
Recognized patterns did not change with age

8. Dr. Henry Faulds Scottish physiologist
Credited w/ 1st documented crime solved by fingerprint comparison (Tokyo)
ID’d thief from print scene

9. Sir Francis Galton 1892 - publishes Finger Prints
Discusses anatomy of fingerprints & suggests method for recording them

10. Juan Vucetich
claimed the 1st official criminal ID using fingerprints to solve a crime
Children of a women named Rojas were murdered
Blamed a neighbor
Bloody fingerpint found at the scene (doorpost)
Turned out to be her right thumb
She confessed

11. Sir Edward Henry
Used Galton’s work to develop a fingerprint identification system
His system & Vucetich form the basis of all modern ten-finger fingerprint ID systems
The basic Henry System, w/ modifications & extensions is utilized by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies in the US

12. 1903- Will West v. William West
Showed the fallibility of 3 separate ID systems
Personal ID-photographs
Bertillion System - Body part Measurements
Names

13. Process Used to Analyze Prints ACE-V
A – Analysis
qualitative & quantitative assessment of details including pattern, minutia, & presence of scars, breaks, pores, etc.
C – Comparison
comparison of attributes from analysis between 2 fingerprints

14. ACE-V cont. E – Evaluation decision of 1 of the following:
Match (individualization)
Non-match
Insufficient data
V – Verification
independent ACE steps by a 2nd qualified analyst

15. The 3 Main Patterns of Prints
Arch- 5%
Loop- 60%
Whorl- 35%

16. Plain Arch Ridges enter from 1 side of the print
Rise or wave in center
Flow or tend to flow out the opposite side

17. Tented Arch
Posseses either an angle, upward thrust or 2 of 3 basic loop characteristics

18. Loop Patterns
1 or more ridges enter from either side, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between delta & core and pass out or tend to pass out the same side the ridges entered
3 basic characteristics:
Sufficient recurve
Delta
Ridge Count - Across a looping ridge

19. Ulnar Loop (Right hand)
Loops flow toward the little finger of the hand
Ulna Bone
The direction of the flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the card.

20. Radial Loop (Right Hand)
Loops flow toward the thumb
Radial bone
The direction of the flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the card.

21. Whorls
The following characteristics are the MINIMUM required for a print to be classified a whorl pattern:
2 deltas and a recurve in front of each delta
It can be a pattern spiral, oval, circular, or any variant of a circle

22. Plain Whorl
1 or more ridges that make or tend to make a complete circuit, w/ 2 deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner pattern is cut or touched
Deltas

23. Central pocket whorl
Consists of at least 1 recurving ridge, or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow w/ 2 deltas between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner pattern is cut or touched
Deltas

24. Double loop whorl
Consists of 2 separate loop formations, w/ 2 separate and distinct sets of shoulders and deltas

25. Accidental Whorl
Consist of a combination of 2 different types of patterns w/ the exception of the plain arch, w/ 2 or more deltas or a pattern that possesses some of the requirements for 2 or more different types or a pattern which conforms to none of the definitions

26. 2nd Level of Print Identification

27. Minutiae (a.k.a. Ridge characteristics)
Bifurcation
Island
Enclosure
Short ridge

28. Minutiae cont.
Ridge ending/Abrupt ending
Bridge
Trifurcation

29. 3rd level of identification
Scars
Pores
Line Shape
Creases

30. Temporary marks
Wart

31. IAFIS Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification Service
Maintained by FBI
Only allowed so many entrees per day
Contains over 47 million criminals’ prints
Computers use algorithms
Some reduce image to specific points or minutia
Some divide print into cells & retain info about general pattern of ridges (e.g. direction of ridges in cell)