1. FCH 532 Lecture 21 Chapter 32: Translation
Quiz today (Wed.) on amino acids
Quiz on Friday TCA cycle
Quiz on Monday Transamination mechanism.

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3. Are only found in prokaryotes.
Figure Some translational initiation (Shine-Dalgarno) sequences recognized by E. coli ribosomes.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequences typically start nt upstream of the initiation codon.
Are only found in prokaryotes.

4. Figure 32-45 Translational initiation pathway in E. coli.
50S and 30S associated.
IF3 binds to 30S, causes release of 50S.
mRNA, IF2-GTP (ternary complex), fMet-tRNA and IF1 bind 30S.
IF1 and IF2 are released followed by binding of 50S.
IF2 hydrolyzes GTP and poises fMet tRNA in the P site.
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6. Defining tRNA Binding Sites in Different functional States
GENERATE RIBOSOMES IN THE FOLLOWING STATES:
A (Aminoacyl): EF-Tu.GTP dependent; mRNA dependent; occupied P Site
P (Peptidyl): Reactive with Puromycin (Pm)
E (Exit): Deacylated tRNA
MONITOR BY CHEMICAL FOOTPRINTING:
30S A site protections:
50S P site protections
(also X-linkers, EDTA-FeII)
Looking at footprint pre and post peptide bond, translocation
The data didn't fit into a simple 2 site model
HYBRID STATES HAD TO BE INVOKED
Using protection on rRNA by peptidyl or aminoacyl tRNAs to define “binding pockets” for these tRNA molecules during different stages of the translation reaction. For example, the A site is defined by the new protection that appears when a new EF-Tu-GTP ternary complex is added to a ribosome bound to mRNA and with a peptidyl-tRNa in the P site.

7. tRNA movement occurs independently on 2 subunits via 6 hybrid states.
1. A/T --> 2. A/A --> 3. A/P --> 4. P/P --> 5. P/E --> 6. E
In this model the tRNA would "ratchet" its way through the ribosome undergoing 50° rotations along its longitudinal axis from A to P.
This model has received support from EM and X-ray studies.
More careful staging of the reaction allows intermediates to be trapped that gave hybrid protection patterns suggesting that the tRNA was partially in one site on one subunit and in another site on the other subunit. In this way the tRNA part of the tRNA is tightly associated with the ribosome at one end (around which it pivots) when the other end of the tRNA moves.

8. cryo-EM
20 angstrom resolution. Advantage over crystal structure: (1) can see intermediate states that are difficult to crystalize; (2) can examine ribosome structure under more physiological conditions that crystallization conditions.s

9. Inidividual and paired subunits have been structurally solved
Inidividual and paired subunits have been structurally solved. In some cases tRNA or mRNA has been cocrystallized. Have to perform various tricks to trap all ribosomes in the same stage of the reaction.

10. Translation involves relative movement of the two subunits
Aminoacyl-tRNA
EF-Tu-GTP
EF-Ts
GTP
EF-Tu-EF-Ts
EF-Ts
GDP
Translation involves relative movement of the two subunits
One tRNA can be bound to the A site in the 30S and in the P site in the 50S. As a consequence only one end of the tRNA::mRNA complex has to move at one time and the other acts as anchor (NEVER FREE).
Rational for the universal existence of 2 subunits.
Protection of the tRNA does not change during translocation, so movable parts are on the ribosome.
1st box. The spent tRNA from the E/E site exits upon binding of the aa-tRNA-EF-Tu-GTP ternary complex.
2nd boxEF-Tu keeps 3’ end of incoming aminoacyl-tRNA from catalytic site. This is called the A/T site or state.
GTP is hydrolyzed allowing the aminoacyl-tRNA to fully occupy the A/A site. This is called accomodation.
We undergo transpeptidation reaction. the transfer of the growing polypeptide chain from the P/P site to the A/A aminacyl-tRNA. This is called the pretranslocational state.
The acceptor end of the new peptidyl-tRNA shifts from the A subsite to the 50S yielding an aminoacyl/peptidyl (A/P) hybrid state and Peptidyl/exit (P/E) hybrid.
Ribosomal binding of the EF-G GTP complex moves the bound mRNA relative to the small ribosomal subunit.
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11. Cannot bind if EF-G is present.
RF-1 = UAA
RF-2 = UAA and UGA
Cannot bind if EF-G is present.
RF-3-GTP binds to RF1 after the release of the polypeptide.
Hydrolysis of GTP on RF-3 facilitates the release of RF-1 (or RF-2).
EF-G-GTP and ribosomal recycling factor (RRF)-bind to A site. Release of GDP-RF-3
EF-G hydrolyzes GTP -RRF moves to the P site to displace the tRNA.
RRF and EF-G-GDP are released yielding inactive 70S
RF-3 is not necessary for growth but maximum growth rate.
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12. Translation
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Initiation
Elongation
Release

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14. Figure 32-61 Ribosome-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptidyl–tRNA to form a polypeptide and free tRNA.
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15. Urea Cycle NH3+ NH3 + HCO3- + -OOC-CH2-CH-COO- 3ATP
Excess nitrogen is excreted after the metabolic breakdown of amino acids in one of three forms:
Aquatic animals are ammonotelic (release NH3 directly).
If water is less plentiful, NH3 is converted to less toxic products, urea and uric acid.
Terrestrial vertebrates are ureotelic (excrete urea)
Birds and reptiles are uricotelic (excrete uric acid)
Urea is made by enzymes urea cycle in the liver.
The overall reaction is:
NH3+
NH3 + HCO OOC-CH2-CH-COO-
Asp
3ATP
2ADP + 2Pi + AMP + PPi O
NH2-C-NH2 + -OOC-CH=CH-COO-
Urea
Fumarate

16. Urea Cycle 2 urea nitrogen atoms come from ammonia and aspartate.
Carbon atom comes from bicarbonate.
5 enzymatic reactions used, 2 in the mitochondria and 3 in the cytosol.
NH3+
NH3 + HCO OOC-CH2-CH-COO-
Asp
3ATP
2ADP + 2Pi + AMP + PPi O
NH2-C-NH2 + -OOC-CH=CH-COO-
Urea
Fumarate

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18. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) catalyzes the condensation and activation NH3 and HCO3- to form carbomyl phosphate (first nitrogen containing substrate).
Uses 2 ATPs.
2ATP + NH3 + HCO3-  NH2-C-OPO3- + 2ADP + 2Pi
Carbamoyl phosphate O
Eukaryotes have 2 types of CPS enzymes
Mitochondrial CPSI uses NH3 as its nitrogen donor and participates in urea biosynthesis.
Cytosolic CPSII uses glutamine as its nitrogen donor and is involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.

19. Figure 26-8 The mechanism of action of CPS I.
CPSI reaction has 3 steps
Activation of HCO3- by ATP to form carboxyphosphate and ADP.
Nucelophilic attack of NH3 on carboxyphosphate, displacing the phsophate to form carbamate and Pi.
Phosphorylation of carbamate by the second ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate and ADP
The reaction is irreversible.
Allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate.
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20. Figure 26-9. X-Ray structure of E
Figure 26-9 X-Ray structure of E. coli carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS).
E. coli has only one CPS (homology to CPS I and CPS II)
Heterodimer (inactive).
Allosterically activated by ornithine (heterotetramer of (4).
Small subunit hydrolyzes Gln and delivers NH3 to large subunit.
Channels intermediate of two reactions from one active site to the other.
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22. Ornithine transcarbomylase
Transfers the carbomoyl group of carbomyl phosphate to ornithine to make citrulline
Reaction occurs in mitochondrion.
Ornithine produced in the cytosol enters via a specific transport system.
Citrulline is exported from the mitochondria.

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24. Arginocuccinate Synthetase
2nd N in urea is incorporated in the 3rd reaction of the urea cycle.
Condensation reaction with citrulline’s ureido group with an Asp amino group catalyzed by arginosuccinate synthetase.
Ureido oxygen is activated as a leaving group through the formation of a citrulyl-AMP intermediate.
This is displaced by the Asp amino group to form arginosuccinate.

25. Figure 26-10 The mechanism of action of argininosuccinate synthetase.
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26. Arigininosuccinase and Arginase
Argininosuccinse catalyzes the elimination of Arg from the the Asp carbon skeleton to form fumurate.
Arginine is the immediate precursor to urea.
Fumurate is converted by fumarase and malate dehydrogenase to to form OAA for gluconeogenesis.
Arginase catalyzes the fifth and final reaction of the urea cycle.
Arginine is hydrolyzed to form urea and regenerate ornithine.
Ornithine is returned to the mitochondria.

27. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS)
Ornithine transcarbamoylase
Argininosuccinate synthetase
Arginosuccinase
Arginase
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28. Regulation of the urea cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate.
N-acetylglutamate is synthesized from glutamate and acetyl-CoA by N-acetylglutamate synthase, it is hydrolyzed by a specific hydrolase.
Rate of urea production is dependent on [N-acetylglutamate].
When aa breakdown rates increase, excess nitrogen must be excreted. This results in increase in Glu through transamination reactions.
Excess Glu causes an increase in N-acetylglutamate which stimulates CPS I causing increases in urea cycle.

29. Metabolic breakdown of amino acids
Degradation of amino acids converts the to TCA cycle intermediates or precursors to be metabolized to CO2, H2O, or for use in gluconeogenesis.
Aminoacids are glucogenic, ketogenic or both.
Glucogenic amino acids-carbon skeletons are broken down to pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate (glucose precursors).
Ketogenic amino acids, are broken down to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate and therefore can be converted to fatty acids or ketone bodies.