2. Nuclear Symbols Element symbol Mass number (p + + n o ) Atomic number (number of p + )

3. Types of Radioactive Decay  alpha production (  ): helium nucleus  beta production (  ): 2 4 He  1 0 e 2+

4. Alpha Radiation Limited to VERY large nucleii.

5. Beta Radiation Converts a neutron into a proton.

6. Types of Radioactive Decay  gamma ray production (  ):   positron production :  electron capture: (inner-orbital electron is captured by the nucleus) 1 0 e

7. Type of radiation emitted & symbol Nature of the radiation Nuclear Symbol Penetrating power, and what will block it Effect of release of particles from the nucleus Alpha a helium nucleus of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, mass = 4, charge = +2 Low penetration stopped by a few cm of air or thin sheet of paper Reduces the atomic mass number by 4 Reduces the atomic number by 2 Beta high kinetic energy electrons, mass = 1/1850 of alpha, charge = -1 Moderate penetration, most stopped by a few mm of metals like aluminum Is the result of neutron decay and will increase the atomic number by 1 but will not change the mass number Gamma very high frequency electromagneti c radiation, mass = 0, charge = 0 Very highly penetrating, most stopped by a thick layer of steel or concrete, but even a few cm of dense lead doesn't stop all of it! Is electromagnetic radiation released from an excited nucleus. The atomic number and mass number do not change.

8. Deflection of Decay Particles Opposite charges_________ each other. Like charges_________ each other. attract repel

9. Nuclear Stability Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.

10. Half-life Concept

11. Sample Half-Lives

12. A Decay Series A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of steps

13. Nuclear Fission and Fusion Fusion: Combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. Fission: Splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers.

14. Energy and Mass Nuclear changes occur with small but measurable losses of mass. The lost mass is called the mass defect, and is converted to energy according to Einstein’s equation:  E =  mc 2  m = mass defect  E = change in energy c = speed of light Because c 2 is so large, even small amounts of mass are converted to enormous amount of energy.

15. Fission

16. A Fission Reactor

18. Fusion

19. Chemical FissionFusion Sample ReactionC + O 2 -> CO 2 n + U-235 -> Ba-143 + Kr-91 + 2 nH-2 + H-3 -> He-4 + n Typical Inputs (to Power Plant) (Fuel) Bituminous CoalUO 2 (3% U-235 + 97% U-238)Deuterium & Lithium Typical Reaction Temperature (K) 700 K1000 K10 8 K Energy Released per kg of Fuel (J/kg) 3.3 x 10 7 J/kg2.1 x 10 12 J/kg3.4 x 10 14 J/kg