1. The Periodic Table
Chapter 18 Section 3

2. Organizing Elements Demo - How did we organize the water?
What was the basis of our organization?

4. Organizing Elements
Dmitri Mendeleev organized elements based on increasing atomic masses.
The periodic table still contains elements in order, but now by increasing atomic number and by changes in physical and chemical properties.

5. Mendeleev
He actually created the periodic table and left blank spaces to keep the organizational flow going…
Based on this information, Mendeleev could predict the properties and the mass numbers of new undiscovered elements.
How was Mendeleev’s predictions?

6. Mendeleev Unlike Vodoo Claire…
His predictions were extremely accurate!

7. Improving the Periodic Table
Mendeelev was successful…but like any first attempt, it needed some work.
The periodic table was modified and now arranged by increasing atomic numbers instead of atomic mass.

9. The Atom and The Periodic Table
Just sorting and organizing your sock drawer, so is the periodic table.
There are two ways the periodic table is organized
Groups/Families
Periods

10. Groups/Families
Groups or families are the vertical columns on the periodic table.
Groups are numbered 1 through 18.
These elements have the same number of electrons in their outer orbits.
They also have many characteristics in common.
The group IIa elements; beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, & barium. They are called the Alkali Earth Metals.

11. Electron Cloud Structure
Review - where are the protons, neutrons, and electrons located?
Where are the electrons located?
How many electrons are there?

12. Electron Cloud Structure
Electrons within the Electron Cloud Structure have different amounts of energy.
The energy levels closer to the nucleus have less energy
Electrons fill the inner most energy first.

13. Electron Cloud Structure
Elements in the same group, have the same number of electrons in their outer most shell.
This is the number that determines each element’s chemical properties.
How many dots should Cl have?
How many dots should F have?
How many dots should Br have?

14. Energy Levels
The energy levels are named using numbers one through seven.
Energy level 1 can have a maximum of two electrons.
Energy level 2 can have a maximum of eight electrons.
Energy level 3 can have a maximum of 18 electrons.

15. Energy Levels
When the energy levels have the maximum number in their shell, they are considered complete and stable.
Remember, the electrons fill the innermost energy levels first.

16. Rows on the Table
Remember, the atomic number = the number of electrons.
The first row has Hydrogen with one electron and Helium with two electrons both in energy level one.
Therefore, Helium has the first energy level full of complete and is considered stable.

17. Rows on the Table
If you look at the second row, it starts with lithium and ends with neon.
Lithium has three electrons and neon has ten electrons.
Lithium has two electrons in the first shell and one in the second.
Neon has two electrons in the first shell and eight in the second.
The first column always starts the new shell.
The last column always fills the shell.

18. Electron Dot Diagram
Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level.
Electron Dot Diagram uses the symbol of the element and dots to represent the electrons in the outer energy level.

19. Same Group - Similar Properties
The elements in group 17, halogens, have similar EDD.
All halogens have seven electrons in their outer energy level.
Because they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level, they will all undergo chemical reactions similarily.

20. Same Group - Similar Properties
A common property of halogens is the ability to form compounds easily with group 1.
Group 1 elements have only one electgron in their outer energy level.
Group 17 has seven.
The two groups come together and share their electrons - ie - sodium and chlorine = NaCl.

21. Same Group - Similar Properties
Not all elements combine easily with other elements.
The elements in group 18 have complete outer shell and don’t need any other elements to be stable.

22. Regions on the periodic table
The horizontal rows of elements are called periods.
The elements increase by one proton and one electron as you go from left to right.