1. Adolescence – Biosocial Development
Ages 11 to 18
What body changes develop during adolescence?

3. When does Puberty begin?
Menarche = First menstrual period
Spermarche = First ejaculation
Between 8 & 14
2/3 of the variation is genetic

4. What are the changes in Puberty?

5. What Physical changes occur?
For girls
Breast development – growth spurt – menarche
For boys
Testes – initial pubic hair - spermarche

6. What is the Growth spurt?
Typical growth spurt
Weight – Height – Muscle

7. What organs increase? Lungs triple in size Heart doubles in size
Skin becomes oilier (acne)
Pubic hair develops

8. How do glands change? Hormones are secreted from: Pituitary gland
Regulates growth
Controls adrenal and sex glands
Adrenal glands begin producing
Stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Gonads
Ovaries – female- Produce Estradiol (Estrogen) and Ova
Testicles – male – Produce Testosterone and sperm
Each sex produces an increased small amount of the other sex hormone

9. How do hormones effect emotions?
Relationship is Reciprocal
Hormones and trigger emotions, and emotions can trigger hormones
Emotions
Hormones

10. What happens to adolescent logic and emotions?
Excitement and emotional areas (Limbic system & Amygdala) develop before emotional regulation, analysis, and impulse control (Prefrontal cortex) develops.
When emotions are intense, the logical part of the brain shuts down
Deaths from accidents
Fun of immediate sex VS pregnancy & STD’s

11. Do you remember?
What signals the beginning of puberty in boys and girls?
In what order does the growth spurt occur?
What are the changes in organs and glands?
What is the relationship between hormones and emotions?
What is the relationship between adolescent emotions and logic?

12. What effect does puberty have on body rhythms?
Circadian rhythms (the day – night cycle)
Puberty alters the body rhythms
E.g. Awake at midnight and sleeping in the morning

13. How does body fat effect puberty?
Obesity = early onset of puberty
Malnutrition = late onset of puberty
Dramatic loss of weight will cause your period to stop
Concentration camp
Marathon training

14. How does stress effect puberty?
Family conflict & stress = early onset of puberty
Stress hormones are a direct cause of early puberty
Genes may be a factor
Early puberty = early sex
Increased sexual risk taking – More partners, pregnancies, & diseases

15. Why is Hitting puberty at normal ages is best?
Early maturing girls
May be teased by boys
Lower self-esteem
More depression
Poorer body image
Early maturing boys
More aggression
Law-breaking
Alcohol-abusing
Early maturing in both sexes
Sexual activity & pregnancy = depression and other psychosocial problems

16. Do you remember? What are the circadian rhythms that effect puberty?
How does body fat effect puberty?
What is the effect of family stress and conflict on puberty?
Why is hitting puberty at normal ages best?

17. Nutrition

18. Body image Anxiety about body image Girls = Diet to get thin
Boys like thin girls
Boys = Taller and stronger
Girls like tall strong boys

19. How do eating disorders effect adolescents?

20. How does Anorexia effect adolescents?
Self-starvation
Sees herself as fat when she is not
Fear of weight gain
Absence of menstruation
(Both adolescents and adults)
BMI = 18 or lower

21. How does bulimia effect adolescents?
Binge (Compulsive overeating) and purge (Vomiting and laxatives)
Close to normal weight
Hormones
Childhood eating patterns
E.g. “eat everything on your plate”

22. What can cause disordered eating?
Origins
Culture – Fast food culture
Stress – Comfort food
Puberty
One strategy to reduce eating problems
Family eating together during childhood

23. Do you remember? What is anorexia? What is bulimia?
What can cause it?
What is bulimia?
What is one strategy to reduce eating problems?

24. What Sexual Maturation occurs?
Primary sex characteristics
Directly involved in reproduction
Uterus and testes grow
Secondary sex characteristics
Not directly involved in reproduction
Beard and breasts

25. What factors effect Sexual activity?
Hormones - Thoughts and emotions
Society (Social context) - shapes thoughts, fantasies, shame, guilt, actual behavior
Religion – Shapes behavior
Virginity pledge
Delays first intercourse
Increases later pregnancy due to not using protection

26. What are the effects of early pregnancy?
Pregnant before age 15
High blood pressure
Spontaneous abortion
Still born
Low birth weight
Other lifelong medical, educational and social problems
Poverty
Lack of education
No husband
Depression
Drug use

27. Do you remember? What changes does sexual maturation produce?
What are the effects of early pregnancy?