1. Gene Technology
Chapter 11

2. 11-1 Genetic Engineering Objectives
Describe the steps of genetic engineering experiments
SCS: B-4.9

3. Genetic engineering – the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes - involves the use of recombinant DNA or DNA made from two or more different organisms

4. Steps in a genetic engineering experiment
DNA piece is cut from both organisms using enzymes. Piece is placed inside a vector (another organism used to carry a gene to another cell). Examples include viruses, yeast and plasmids.
The pieces are “glued” together producing recombinant DNA
Many copies of the gene of interest is made
The cells are screened or isolated for the gene of interest

5. Gel electrophoresis
Used to separate DNA fragments for identification

6. 11-2 Genetic Engineering in Medicine and Society
Objectives
Describe how genetic engineering has produced products like medicines
Summarize the steps involved in making a vaccine
Describe how gene therapy is being used to treat genetic disorders
Identify uses of DNA fingerprinting
Describe the goals of the Human Genome Project
SCS: B-4.9

7. Genetic Engineering and Medicine
Most genetic disorders are a result of defective proteins
Scientist can modify bacteria to produce needed proteins in large amounts
Anticoagulants (heart attacks)
Insulin
Interferons (viral infections and cancer)
Human growth hormones (growth defects)
Factor VIII (hemophilia)

8. Vaccines
A solution containing all or part of a harmless version of a pathogen (causes diseases)
Triggers an immune response

9. Vaccines available FDA approved vaccines Viral infections: Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Influenza
Japanese B encephalitis
Measles
Mumps
Polio
Rabies
Rubella
Tick-borne encephalitis
Yellow Fever

10. Bacterial infections:
Anthrax
Diphtheria
Haemophilus Influenzae b (Hib)
Meningococcal meningitis
Pertussis
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Tetanus
Tuberculosis (BCG)
Typhoid

11. Gene therapy
A technique that involves putting a healthy copy of the gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective
Disease being now treated with gene therapy
Cancer
Cystic fibrosis
Hemophilia
Rheumatoid arthritis

12. DNA Fingerprinting
A pattern of dark band on photographic film that is made when an individual's DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis
Used in paternity cases, crime scene investigation, identifying genes responsible for genetic disorders

13. Human Genome Project Mapping other genomes
The goal was to determine the sequence of nucleotides of the entire human genome
Completed in 2003
Mapping other genomes
At least 15 other genomes have been determined
Used in biological research

14. 11-3 Genetic Engineering in agriculture
Objectives
Describes ways in which genetic engineering has improved agriculture
Summarize ways in which GE has been uses to modify farm animals
Summarize cloning and its uses
SCS: b-4.9

15. Farmers have been selectively breeding crops for 1000s of years
Chose the plant with the desirable characteristics and then bred them
Benefits
Drought tolerant
Disease resistant
Greater yield
Faster growing times
taste

16. Genetic engineering uses in animal farming
Controlled breeding
Growth hormones
Adding human genes to produce human proteins
Transgenic animals
Animals that have had foreign DNA injected into their cells

17. Cloning First clone was in 1997 Other animals clones: Process:
DNA is taken from a nucleus and replaced with the desired DNA
Electric shock applied to induce the cells to replicate
Replicated mass of cells in placed in a host parent

18. Problems with cloning Premature aging
Bringing back extinct animals (is this a good thing?)
Saving animals from extinction